Type 96 light machine gun

Type 96 light machine gun
Type 96 light machine gun (without magazine)
Type Light machine gun
Place of origin Empire of Japan
Service history
In service 1936–1945
Used by See Users
Wars Second Sino-Japanese War
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
World War II
Indonesian National Revolution
Chinese Civil War
Korean War
First Indochina War
Vietnam War
Production history
Designer Kijiro Nambu
Designed 1936
Produced 1936–1943
No. built 41,000
Specifications
Weight 9 kg (20 lb)
Length 1,070 mm (42 in)
Barrel length 550 mm (22 in)
Cartridge 6.5x50mm Arisaka
Action Gas-operated
Rate of fire 450–500 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 735 m/s (2,410 ft/s)
Feed system 30 round detachable box magazine

The Type 96 light machine gun (九六式軽機関銃, Kyūroku-shiki Kei-kikanjū) was a light machine gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the interwar period and in World War II.[1]

History and development

IJA soldiers firing their Type 96 at positions
An Imperial Japanese Army soldier can be seen with a Type 96 in the background, his comrades in the foreground are armed with the Type 11
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers armed with the Type 96 storm the beaches of Malaya

Combat experience in the Manchurian Incident of 1931 and subsequent actions in Manchuria and northern China reaffirmed the Japanese army of the utility of machine guns to provide covering fire for advancing infantry.[2] The earlier Type 11 light machine gun was a lightweight machine gun, which could be easily transportable by an infantry squad into combat. However, the open hopper design of the Type 11 allowed dust and grit to enter into the gun, which was liable to jam in muddy or dirty conditions due to issues with poor dimensional tolerances.

This gave the weapon a bad reputation with Japanese troops, and led to calls for its redesign.[3] The Army's Kokura Arsenal tested the Czech ZB vz. 26 machine gun, samples of which had been captured from the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, and (after borrowing certain elements) issued a new design, designated the Type 96 light machine gun, in 1936.[4] The gun was produced at Kokura, Nagoya Arsenal and Mukden between 1936 and 1943, with a total production run of about 41,000.[5]

While the Japanese design was completely different internally, it did resemble the ZB vz. 26 in its basic layout using the top feed magazine and a bipod mount. The similar looking Type 97 heavy tank machine gun however was a true license built copy of the ZB design firing the heavier 7.7x58mm Arisaka cartridge; it was mounted in the tanks of the Japanese Army.

Design

Marines with a captured Type 96
Type 96 light machine gun with Type 99 (1939) armor shield, size 12 in.x16 in.

Type 96 light machine gun was almost identical in construction to the Type 11 in that it was an air-cooled, gas-operated design based on the French Hotchkiss M1909 machine gun. As with the Type 11, it continued to use the same 6.5x50mm Arisaka cartridges as the Type 38 rifle infantry rifle,[6] although the more powerful 7.7x58mm Arisaka round had already been adopted and was starting to enter into service with front line combat units. Due to its similarity with the Bren, they're mistaken as clones.[7]

The major difference with the Type 11 was the top-mounted curved detachable box magazine holding 30 rounds, which somewhat increased reliability, and lessened the weight of the gun. The finned gun barrel could also be rapidly changed to avoid overheating. The Type 96 had a blade front sight and a leaf rear sight, with graduations from 200 to 1,500 meters, with windage adjustment. A 2.5X telescopic sight with a 10 degree field of view could be attached at the right side of the gun.[6]

The Type 96 also had a folding bipod attached to the gas block, and could be fitted with the standard infantry bayonet, which could be attached to the gas block below the barrel. The gun was capable of automatic fire only, although it was possible to fire single shots by briefly pulling the trigger.[8]

However, arms designer Kijiro Nambu did nothing to address the dimensional tolerance issue between the bolt and gun barrel, which led to frequent failures when fired cases became stuck in the chamber. In order to ensure reliable feeding (theoretically), Nambu resorted to oiling the cartridges via an oil pump in the magazine loader. In practice, this tended to worsen the problem instead, as the oiled cartridges tended to become coated with dust and sand.[9] This feature and its inherent faults was dropped with the introduction of the Type 99 light machine gun.

Combat record

The Type 96 came into active service in 1936 and was intended to replace the older Type 11; however the Type 11 had already been produced in large quantities, and both weapons remained in service until the end of the war. The Type 96 was regarded as rugged and reliable, but its 6.5 mm bullets lacked penetration against cover, and the design was supplemented by the more powerful Type 99 light machine gun with the larger 7.7 mm bullet in 1937.

After World War II, it was used by Indonesian forces during the Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch forces notably during the Attack on Jogjakarta 1949.

Users

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
  2. ↑ Meyer, The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. p. 53.
  3. ↑ Meyer, The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. p. 55
  4. 1 2 3 4 http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/6/19/1214235/-The-Japanese-Type-96-Light-Machine-Gun-a-troubled-weapon
  5. ↑ JapaneseWeapons.net
  6. 1 2 TM-E 30-480 (1945)
  7. ↑ https://www.forgottenweapons.com/ria-nambu-type-96-type-99-lmgs/
  8. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-12-13. Modern Firearms
  9. ↑ Morse, Japanese Small Arms of WW2; Light Machine Guns Models 11, 96, 99 97 & 92
  10. ↑ Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact by James H. Willbanks, page 104.

References

  • Bishop, Chris (eds) (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
  • Mayer, S.L. (1984). The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. The Military Press. ISBN 0-517-42313-8.
  • Morse, D.R. (1996). Japanese Small Arms of WW2; Light Machine Guns Models 11, 96, 99 97 & 92. Firing Pin Enterprizes. ASIN: B000KFVGSU.
  • Popenker, Maxim (2008). Machine Gun: The Development of the Machine Gun from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. Crowood. ISBN 1-84797-030-3.
  • Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Japanese Infantryman 1937–1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-818-9.
  • US Department of War (1994). Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945) (reprint ed.). Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8.
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