Two-up

Australian soldiers playing two-up during World War I at the front near Ypres, 23 December 1917, Australian War Memorial Museum
Painting of 2-up game. Paddington, Sydney. Unknown artist. 1890s

Two-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated "spinner" throwing two coins or pennies into the air. Players bet on whether the coins will fall with both heads (obverse) up, both tails (reverse) up, or with one coin a head and one a tail (known as "Ewan"). It is traditionally played on Anzac Day in pubs and clubs throughout Australia, in part to mark a shared experience with Diggers through the ages.

The game is traditionally played with pennies – their weight, size, and surface design make them ideal for the game. Weight and size make them stable on the "kip" and easy to spin in the air. Decimal coins are generally considered to be too small and light and they don't fly so well. The design of pre-1939 pennies had the sovereign's head on the obverse (front) and the reverse was totally covered in writing making the result very easy and quick to see. Pennies now are marked with a white cross on the reverse (Tails) side. Pennies can often be observed being used at games on Anzac Day, as they are brought out specifically for this purpose each year.

History

The exact origins of two-up are obscure, but it seems to have evolved from pitch and toss, a gambling game involving tossing a single coin into the air and wagering on the result. Two-up was popular amongst poorer English and Irish citizens in the 18th century.

The predilection of the convicts for this game was noted as early as 1798 by New South Wales's first judge advocate, as well as the lack of skill involved and the large losses. By the 1850s, the two-coin form was being played on the goldfields of the eastern colonies, and it spread across the country following subsequent gold rushes.

Two-up was played extensively by Australia's soldiers during World War I. Gambling games, to which a blind eye was cast, became a regular part of Anzac Day celebrations for returned soldiers, although two-up was illegal at all other times.

As time passed, increasingly elaborate illegal "two-up schools" grew around Australia, to the consternation of authorities but with the backing of corrupt police. The legendary Thommo's Two-up School, which operated at various locations in Surry Hills, Sydney from the early years of the 20th century until at least 1979, was one of Australia's first major illegal gambling operations.[1]

The popularity of two-up declined after the 1950s as more sophisticated forms of gambling like baccarat gained popularity in illegal gaming houses and poker machines (slot machines) were legalised in clubs.

Legal two-up arrived with its introduction as a table game at the new casino in Hobart in 1973, but is now only offered at Crown Perth and Crown Melbourne. Two-up has also been legalised on Anzac Day, when it is played in Returned Servicemen's League (RSL) clubs and hotels. Several tourist "two-up schools" in the Outback have also been legalised. Under the NSW Gambling (Two-Up) Act 1998, playing two-up in NSW is not unlawful on Anzac Day.[2]

Terminology[3]
Term Meaning
School The collective noun for a group of gamblers playing Two-up.
Ring The area designated for the spinner to spin the coins. The Spinner must stand in the ring to spin, and the coins must land and come to rest within the ring.
Spinner The person who throws the coins up in the air. The opportunity to be the spinner is offered in turn to gamblers in the school.
Boxer Person who manages the game and the betting, and doesn't participate in betting.
Ringkeeper (Ringy) Person who looks after the coins after each toss (to avoid loss or interference).
Kip A small piece of wood on which the coins are placed before being tossed. Both coins are placed tails (white cross) up.
Heads Both coins land with the "head" side facing up. (Probability 25% (approximately)[4])
Tails Both coins land with the "tails" side facing up. (Probability 25%)
Odding Out To spin five "odds" in a row. (Probability 3.125%)
Odds or "One Them" One coin lands with the "head" side up, and the other lands with the "tails" side up. (Probability 50%)
Come in Spinner The call given by the boxer when all bets are placed and the coins are now ready to be tossed.
"Barred" The call when an illegal spin has occurred - the coins were not thrown higher than the head, or did not rotate in the air.
Cockatoo Only used in the 1800s to late 1930s, due to legalisation of two-up on ANZAC Day. It was the nickname of the look-out who warned players of incoming police raids.

The table below show the current bets that can be made at Crown Perth.

Casino Odds
Bet Type Casino Edge Payout Description
Single Head 3.125% 1–1 Spinner spins a pair of heads before a pair of tails or odding out.
Single Tail 3.125% 1–1 Spinner spins a pair of tails before a pair of heads or odding out.
Spinner's Bet 3.400% 15–2 Only available to the current spinner. Spinner spins three heads or tails, before either tailing out or getting the other result.
5 Odds 9.375% 28–1 Spinner spins five odds in a row before either a pair of heads or a pair of tails.

Gameplay

Celebrants playing two-up at the Australia Day Celebration Boston, Massachusetts.
Celebrants playing two-up at the Australia Day Celebration in Boston, Massachusetts.

A person is selected as the spinner (generally greeted to loud calls of "Come in spinner!" from the rest of the players). The spinner tosses the coins in the air using the kip until they win or lose.

The basic format of the game:

  • Two heads means the spinner wins.
  • Two tails means the spinner loses both their bet, and the right to spin.
  • Odds ("one them") means the spinner throws again.

The spinner is required to place a bet (which must be on heads) before their first throw which must be covered (equalled) by another player. If the spinner wins they keep the bet and cover, otherwise it goes to the player who covered the bet. The boxer takes a commission out of this bet.[5]

The other members of the group place side bets (bets against each other) on whether the spinner will win or lose and the result of the next throw.

Variations

Variations revolve around the definition of "win" and "lose" for the spinner. Some variations include:

  • The spinner only wins after successive heads. I.e., if three heads are required before a tails, with any number of odds, then "odds, heads, odds, odds, heads, odds, heads" would be a win.
  • If the spinner throws successive odds they lose. I.e., if five odds thrown before a tails loses while three heads are required to win, then "odds, heads, odds, odds, heads, odds, odds" would be a loss.

When played in casinos the spinner's bet is covered by the house, as are the side-bets by the group of punters.

Sometimes three coins are used and the bet then is against the spinner who must head them "I bet they tail 'em" rather than "odds em".

On 17 November 2004, the Premier of New South Wales remarked in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly:

One of the charities most involved in problem gambling, the Wesley Community Legal Service, a body dealing with problem gamblers, has confirmed it has never encountered a problem gambler addicted to two-up. That is an interesting bit of trivia for everyone to take home with them.

— Mr Bob Carr, [6]

In 1978, the Australian group the Little River Band released Sleeper Catcher, their fourth album. In the liner notes it says:

Sometimes called "Australia's National Game", two-up is a form of gambling which, though illegal, has long been a favourite pastime. The "Sleeper Catcher", an accepted participant in the game, retrieves bets left on the floor by tardy backers.

The Australian rock group AC/DC has a song called "Two's Up" on their 1988 Blow Up Your Video album that references the game.

The film The Sundowners contains a sequence in which a group of Australian drovers, including Robert Mitchum's character, play a game of two-up, with appropriate bets. One of the players calls out "fair go", which translates roughly as "play fair". Appropriately, the action in the game on-screen is rapid and without hesitations or false starts. A similar sequence can be found in the 1971 film Wake in Fright. In the 1940 film Forty Thousand Horsemen, the three leads, played by Grant Taylor, Chips Rafferty, and Pat Twohill, are introduced to us playing two-up in a market place.[7]

The film Wake in Fright contains scenes where the main protagonist, a schoolteacher named John Grant, staying in a semi fictional mining town based on Broken Hill for one night, initially makes significant winnings in a game of two-up, before subsequently losing everything again.

The book Come in Spinner takes its name from the call. There is also a sequence in the film The Shiralee starring Bryan Brown which makes reference to the game.

During the broadcast recording of the 'Tin Symphony' segment of the opening ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games there are two scenes of settlers playing two-up outside a tin home.[8]

In 2009, the television program Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities shows men taking part in games of two-up. In one instance the police enter the establishment in which this is taking place and the contestants run and hide the equipment being used and money being gambled.

In 2014, the television program Peaky Blinders depicts a game of two-up, with a car and a horse used for betting.

On 20 February 2015, a game of two-up featured in The Doctor Blake Mysteries, series 3, episode 2, titled "My Brother's Keeper".

Notes

  1. ↑ Hickie, David. The Prince and The Premier, p. 155
  2. ↑ "Gambling (Two-up) Act 1998". New South Wales Consolidated Acts.
  3. ↑ http://www.liquorandgaming.nsw.gov.au/Documents/gaming-and-wagering/competitions/two_up_rules.pdf
  4. ↑ P. Diaconis et al "DYNAMICAL BIAS IN THE COIN TOSS" (PDF).
  5. ↑ A.W. Jose; et al., eds. (1926). The Australian Encyclopaedia Vol. II. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. pp. 600–601.
  6. ↑ "Two-up". New South Wales Parliament. 17 November 2004.
  7. ↑ Van-Dyk, Robyn (21 December 2006). "Forty Thousand Horsemen". Australian War Memorial. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  8. ↑ The Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games A Sydney Celebration (DVD) (revised ed.). Warner Vision Australia. 2000. 73.05 minutes in. 8573857422.

References

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