Triterpenoid saponin

Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenes which belong to the group of saponin compounds. Triterpenes are a type of terpene containing 30 carbon atoms. Triterpenes are assembled from a five-carbon isoprene unit through the cytosolic mevalonate pathway to make a thirty-carbon compound. Some triterpenes are steroidal in nature. Cholesterol, phytosterols and phytoecdysteroids are triterpenes. The triterpenes are subdivided into some 20 groups, depending on their particular structures. Some triterpenoid compounds are found as saponin glycosides which refers to the attachment of various sugar molecules to the triterpene unit. These sugars can be cleaved off in the gut by bacteria, sometimes allowing the aglycone (triterpene) to be absorbed into the bloodstream[1] or to insert into cell membranes.[2]

Saponin glycosides reduce surface tension of water with foaming and will break down lipids. Usually triterpene saponins are designated as such by the suffix ending –side, such as ginsenoside or astragaloside, named for the plant genera they were first discovered in. Some, such as the ginsenosides and eleutherosides are designated Rx where the suffix x = a, a1, b2, is indicative of the relative position of the saponin spots from top to bottom of a thin layer chromatogram.[1]

In plants

Chemical compound Plant source
Common name Latin name
alpha-hederin[3]black cuminNigella sativa
araloside AspikenardAralia mandshurica
astragalosidehuang qiAstragalus membranaceus
bacoside AbrahmiBacopa monniera
cucurbitacinbryoniaBryonia alba
eleutherosideSiberian ginsengEleutherococcus senticosus
ginsenosideginsengPanax ginseng
gymnemic acidgurmarGymnema sylvestre
gypenosidejiaogulanGynostemma pentaphyllum
20-hydroxyecdysonemaral rootRhaponticum carthamoides
tinosporosideguruchiTinospora cordifolia
withanolideashwagandhaWithania somnifera

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-04-27. Robyn Klein Masters Thesis Paper, May 2004, Montana State University, Dept Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology: Phylogenetic and phytochemical characteristics of plant species with adaptogenic properties
  2. ↑ Attele, Anoja S., Wu, Ji An and Yuan, Chun-Su, 1999. Commentary: Ginseng pharmacology. Multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 58, 1685-1693.
  3. ↑ Randhawa MA, Alghamdi MS (2011). "Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) - a review" (PDF). The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 39 (6): 1075–91. doi:10.1142/S0192415X1100941X. PMID 22083982. Retrieved 2016-05-21. Another important active compound that has been shown to possess anticancer effects is alpha-hederin, a pentacycline triterpene and a saponin, which is water soluble perhaps the major active component in the aqueous extract of N. sativa.
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