Tonal (mythology)
Tonal (To nal) is a concept within the study of Mesoamerican religion, myth, folklore and anthropology. It refers to the belief found in many indigenous Mesoamerican cultures that a person upon being born acquires a close spiritual link to an animal, a link that lasts throughout the lives of both creatures. The person shows signs of whatever the animals situation in signs include scratches and bruises if the animals get in fights of illness if the animal is ill.It is in this way similar to the concept of Totem.
Etymology
The word comes from the Nahuatl word tonalli (to nal li), meaning "day" or "daysign". In the Aztec belief system the day of a person's birth calculated in the Tonalpohualli would determine the nature of the person – each day was associated with an animal which could have a strong or weak aspect. The person born on the day of for example "the dog" would then have the strong or weak aspect of the dog. In Nahuatl the word Tonalli was used to refer both to a day and to the animal related to that day. In Mayan belief the concept of an animal companion of a person was referred to as "Way". The modern Mixe people refer to it as Ts'ok (Lipp 1991). The Jakaltek Maya people of Concepcion Huista, Guatemala call it yixomal ispiẍan nax, meaning "soul bearer".
Studies
The study of tonalism was initiated by noted archaeologist, linguist and ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton who published a treatise called "Nagualism: A Study in Native-American Folklore and History" which chronicled historical interpretations of the word and those who practiced nagualism in Mexico in 1894. He identified the different beliefs associated with tonalism in some modern Mexican communities such as the Mixe, the Nahuas, the Zapotecs and Mixtecs.
References
- Brinton, Daniel g, 1894, "Nagualism: A Study in Native-American Folklore and History".
- Kaplan, Lucille, 1956, "Tonal and Nagual in Coastal Oaxaca," Journal of American Folklore 69:363-368
- Lipp, Frank J, 1991, The Mixe of Oaxaca: Religion, ritual and healing, University of Texas Press
- Stratmeyer, Dennis & Jean, 1977,"The Jacaltec Nawal and the Soul Bearer in Concepcion Huista", in Cognitive Studies of Southern Mesoamerica, Helen L. Neuenschander and Dean E. Arnold eds., Summer Institute of Linguistics, Museum of Anthropology Publication 3.
See also