Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries. It frequently occurred sequentially in more than one stage – for example, as abolition of the trade in slaves in a specific country, and then as abolition of slavery throughout empires. Each step was usually the result of a separate law or action. This timeline shows abolition laws or actions listed chronologically. It also covers the abolition of serfdom.
Although slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries, some practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.
Ancient times
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
Early sixth century BC | The Athenian lawgiver Solon abolishes debt slavery and frees all Athenian citizens who had formerly been enslaved.[1][2] | |
326 BC | Lex Poetelia Papiria abolishes debt bondage. | |
3rd century BC | Ashoka abolishes the slave trade and encourages people to treat slaves well in the Maurya Empire, covering the majority of India, which was under his rule.[3] | |
221–206 BC | Measures to eliminate the landowning aristocracy include the abolition of slavery and the establishment of a free peasantry who owed taxes and labor to the state. They also discouraged serfdom.[4] The dynasty was overthrown in 206 BC and many of its laws were overturned. | |
9–12 AD | Xin Dynasty | Wang Mang, first and only emperor of the Xin Dynasty, usurped the Chinese throne and instituted a series of sweeping reforms, including the abolition of slavery and radical land reform from 9–12 A.D.[5][6] |
Medieval timeline
- N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
~500 | Ireland | Slavery (or at least slave trading) ends for a time in Ireland,[7] but resumes by the ninth century.[8] |
590–604 | Pope Gregory I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves.[9] | |
7th century | Francia | Queen Balthild, a former slave, and the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (644–655) condemn the enslavement of Christians. Balthild purchases slaves, mostly Saxon, and manumits them.[10] |
741–752 | Pope Zachary bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by Venetian traders, and sets them free. | |
840 | Pactum Lotharii: Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. Venetian slavers switch to trading Slavs from the East. | |
873 | Christendom | Pope John VIII commands under penalty of sin that all Christians who hold other Christians as slaves must set them free.[11] |
922 | West Francia | The Council of Koblenz equates the enslavement and sale of a Christian with homicide.[12] |
960 | Slave trade banned in the city under the rule of Doge Pietro IV Candiano. | |
1080 | William the Conqueror prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves. | |
1100 | Serfdom no longer present.[13] | |
1102 | The Council of London bans the slave trade.[12] | |
1117 | Slavery abolished.[14] Reintroduced as Vistarband from 1490 to 1894 in various forms. | |
1120 | The Council of Nablus decrees that a man who rapes his own slave should be castrated, and that a man who rapes a slave belonging to another should be castrated and exiled. | |
c. 1160 | The Gulating bans the sale of house slaves out of the country. | |
1171 | All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh.[12] | |
1198 | Trinitarian Order founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives. | |
1214 | Korčula | The Statute of the Town abolishes slavery.[15] |
1218 | Mercedarians founded in Barcelona with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims. | |
~1220 | The Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the Middle Ages, condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God.[16] | |
1245 | James I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and Pagans.[17] | |
1256 | Liber Paradisus promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the commune are released. | |
1274 | Landslov (Land's Law) mentions only former slaves, implying that slavery was abolished in Norway. | |
1290 | Edward I passes Quia Emptores, breaking any indenture to an estate, on the sale or transfer of the estate. | |
1315 | Louis X publishes a decree abolishing slavery and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed.[18] However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in Provence, as well as until the 18th century in some of France's overseas territories.[19] Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.[20] | |
1335 | Slavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in Finland). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813.[21] In the 18th and 19th Centuries, slavery will be practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy. | |
1347 | The Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica emancipate all non-free people.[22] | |
1368 | The Hongwu Emperor abolishes all forms of slavery,[5] but it continues across China. Later rulers, as a way of limiting slavery in the absence of a prohibition, pass a decree that limits the number of slaves per household and extracts a severe tax from slave owners.[23] | |
1416 | Slavery and slave trade abolished. | |
1435 | Pope Eugene IV's Sicut Dudum bans enslavement of Christians in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.[24] However the non-Christian Guanches can still be enslaved.[19] | |
1477 | Isabella I bans slavery in newly conquered territories.[25] | |
1486 | Ferdinand II promulgates the Sentence of Guadalupe, abolishing Carolingian-remnant serfdom (remença) in Old Catalonia. | |
1490 | The slaves of one particular trader are released by a royal cedula.[25] | |
1493 | Queen Isabella bans the enslavement of Native Americans unless they are hostile or cannibalistic.[25] Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. Columbus is preempted from selling Indian captives in Seville and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released. |
Modern timeline
1500–1700 (Early Modern)
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1503 | Native Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will.[26] | |
1512 | The Laws of Burgos establish limits to the treatment of natives in the Encomienda system. | |
1518 | Decree of Charles V establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, under monopoly of Laurent de Gouvenot, in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans. | |
1528 | Charles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement. | |
1530 | Outright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned. However, forced labor under the Encomienda system continues. | |
1536 | The Welser family is dispossessed of the Asiento monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in Venezuela. | |
1537 | New World | Pope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property (Sublimis Deus).[27] |
1542 | The New Laws ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the repartimiento. Slavery of Black Africans continues.[19] New limits are imposed to the Encomienda. | |
1549 | Encomiendas banned from using forced labor. | |
1552 | Bartolomé de las Casas, who had once defended the importation of African slaves as a way to protect Native Americans, also condemns African slavery. | |
1569 | An English court case involving Cartwright, who had brought a slave from Russia, is said—on the basis of a summary written more than a century later—to have ruled slavery illegal in England, but appears to have been more about the nature of legally acceptable punishment than slavery per se, and certainly did not soon become a recognized precedent for outlawing slavery as slaves continued to be bought and sold in Liverpool and London markets without legal hindrance into the 18th century. See the article "Slavery at common law". | |
1570 | King Sebastian of Portugal bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the Society of Jesus, which had missionaries in direct contact with Brazilian tribes. | |
1574 | Last remaining serfs emancipated by Elizabeth I.[20] | |
1588 | The Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery.[28] | |
1590 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery except as punishment for criminals.[29] | |
1595 | Trade of Chinese slaves banned.[30] | |
1609 | The Moriscos, many of whom are serfs, are expelled from Peninsular Spain unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as moros cortados, "cut Moors").[31] | |
1624 | Enslavement of Chinese banned.[32][33] | |
1649 | The sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned.[34] | |
1679 | Feodor III converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.[35][36] | |
1683 | Slavery of Mapuche prisoners of war abolished.[37] | |
1687 | Slaves fugitive from British colonies are granted freedom in return for conversion to Catholicism and four years of military service. |
1701–1799 (Late Modern)
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1703 | Ottoman Empire | The forced conversion and induction of Christian children into the army known as Devshirme or "Blood Tax", is abolished. |
1706 | In Smith v. Browne & Cooper, Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave."[38][39] | |
1712 | Moros cortados expelled.[40] | |
1715 | Indian slave trade in the American Southeast reduces with the outbreak of the Yamasee War. | |
1723 | Peter the Great converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia. | |
1723–1730 | The Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century.[23] | |
1732 | Province established without black slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring Carolina. In 1738, James Oglethorpe warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa."[41] Native American slavery is legal throughout, however, and black slavery is later introduced in 1749. | |
1738 | Fort Mosé, the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the United States, is established. Word of the settlement sparks the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina the following year. | |
1761 | The Marquis of Pombal bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal[42] | |
1766 | Muhammad III of Morocco purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in Seville, Cadiz and Barcelona.[43] | |
1772 | Somersett's case rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from Great Britain. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales, and emancipated the remaining ten to fourteen thousand slaves or possible slaves in England and Wales, who were mostly domestic servants.[44] | |
1773 | A new decree by the Marquis of Pombal, signed by the king Dom José, emancipates fourth-generation slaves[42] and every child of a slave mother born (the child) after the decree was published.[45] | |
1775 | Pennsylvania Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America. | |
1775–1783 | Atlantic slave trade banned or suspended during the American Revolutionary War. This was part of the 13 colonies overall policy of refusing to import anything from Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.[46] | |
1777 | Slavery abolished.[47] | |
The Constitution of the Vermont Republic partially bans slavery,[47] freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage.[48] The ban is not strongly enforced.[49][50] | ||
1778 | Joseph Knight successfully argues that Scots law cannot support the status of slavery.[51] | |
1780 | An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847.[52] | |
1783 | Slavery abolished in the recently annexed Crimean Khanate.[53] | |
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery unconstitutional, a decision based on the 1780 Massachusetts constitution. All slaves are immediately freed.[54] | ||
Joseph II abolishes slavery in Bukovina.[55] | ||
Gradual abolition of slavery begins. | ||
1784 | Gradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.[56] | |
Gradual abolition of slavery begins. | ||
1786 | A no slavery policy is adopted by governor-designate Arthur Phillip for the soon-to-be established colony.[57] | |
1787 | The United States in Congress Assembled passes the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories. | |
Founded by Great Britain as a colony for emancipated slaves.[58] | ||
Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Great Britain.[47] | ||
1788 | Sir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted. | |
Abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks founded in Paris. | ||
1789 | Last remaining seigneurial privileges over peasants abolished.[59] | |
1791 | The Constitution of May 3, 1791 introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom. | |
1791 | Emancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies.[43] | |
1792 | Transatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848.[60] | |
1793 | Commissioner Leger-Felicite Sonthonax abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October. | |
Importation of slaves banned by the Act Against Slavery. | ||
1794 | Slavery abolished in all French territories and possessions.[61] | |
The Slave Trade Act bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the importation of slaves by foreign ships.[46] | ||
The Proclamation of Połaniec, issued during the Kościuszko Uprising, partially abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial civil liberties to all peasants. | ||
1798 | Slavery banned in the islands after their capture by Napoleon.[62] | |
1799 | Gradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.[63] | |
The Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal slavery of coal miners that had been established in 1606.[64] |
Contemporary timeline
1800–1829
Illustration from the book: The Black Man's Lament, Or, How to Make Sugar by Amelia Opie. (London, 1826)
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1800 | American citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional Slave Trade Act. | |
1802 | Napoleon re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.[65] | |
State constitution abolishes slavery. | ||
1803 | Abolition of transatlantic slave trade takes effect on January 1. | |
1804 | All the Northern states abolished slavery; New Jersey in 1804 was the last to act. None of the Southern or border states abolished slavery before the American Civil War.[66] | |
Haiti declares independence and abolishes slavery.[47] | ||
1804–1813 | Local slaves emancipated. | |
1805 | A bill for abolition passes in House of Commons but is rejected in the House of Lords. | |
1806 | In a message to Congress, Thomas Jefferson calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights … which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe." | |
1807 | International slave trade made a felony in Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution.[67] | |
Abolition of the Slave Trade Act abolishes slave trading in British Empire. Captains fined £120 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations.[68] | ||
Constitution abolishes serfdom.[69] | ||
The Stein-Hardenberg Reforms abolish serfdom.[69] | ||
Judge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."[70] | ||
1808 | Importation and exportation of slaves made a crime.[71] | |
1810 | Independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla demands the abolition of slavery. | |
1811 | Slave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners. | |
The Cádiz Cortes abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights.[43] | ||
The First National Congress approves a proposal of Manuel de Salas that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen. | ||
1812 | The Cádiz Constitution gives citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. Deputies José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer and Agustín Argüelles argue for the abolition of slavery unsuccessfully.[43] | |
1813 | Independence leader José María Morelos y Pavón declares slavery abolished in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación. | |
Law of Wombs passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it.[72] | ||
1814 | After the occupation of Montevideo, all slaves born in modern Uruguayan territory are declared free. | |
Slave trade abolished. | ||
1815 | Slave trade banned north of the Equator in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain.[73] | |
British withdrawing after the War of 1812 leave a fully armed fort in the hands of maroons, escaped slaves and their descendents, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as Negro Fort. | ||
The Congress of Vienna declares its opposition to slavery.[74] | ||
1816 | Serfdom abolished. | |
Negro Fort destroyed in the Battle of Negro Fort by U.S. forces under the command of General Andrew Jackson. | ||
Algiers bombarded by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end North African piracy and slave raiding in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed. | ||
1817 | Serfdom abolished. | |
Ferdinand VII signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820,[43] in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain.[73] However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date. | ||
Simon Bolivar calls for the abolition of slavery.[43] | ||
4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture.[75] | ||
Constitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.[43] | ||
1818 | Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | |
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
Slave trade banned. | ||
Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.[76] | ||
1819 | Serfdom abolished. | |
Attorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents free. | ||
The ancient Hawaiian kapu system is abolished during the ʻAi Noa, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners).[77] | ||
1820 | The Compromise of 1820 bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death. | |
The supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in Polly v. Lasselle. | ||
The 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.[78] | ||
1821 | The Plan of Iguala frees the slaves born in Mexico.[43] | |
In accordance with Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Florida becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves. | ||
Abolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.[43] | ||
Emancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for compensated emancipation set.[79] | ||
1822 | Jean Pierre Boyer annexes Spanish Haiti and abolishes slavery there. | |
Founded by the American Colonization Society as a colony for emancipated slaves. | ||
Slavery abolished with independence. | ||
1823 | Slavery abolished.[47] | |
The Anti-Slavery Society is founded. | ||
1824 | The new constitution effectively abolishes slavery. | |
Slavery abolished. | ||
1825 | Importation of slaves banned. | |
France, with warships at the ready, demanded Haiti compensate France for its loss of slaves and its slave colony | ||
1827 | Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | |
Last vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).[80] | ||
1828 | In Phoebe v. Jay, the Illinois Supreme Court rules that indentured servants in Illinois cannot be treated as chattel and bequeathing them by will is illegal.[81] | |
1829 | Last slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry (Vicente Guerrero) is elected.[47] |
1830–1849
An anti-slavery map with an unusual perspective centered on West Africa, which is in the light, and contrasting the U. S. and Europe in the dark. By Julius Rubens Ames, 1847
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1830 | Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life."[82] | |
1830 | Slavery abolished. | |
Mahmud II issues a firman freeing all white slaves. | ||
1831 | Slavery abolished.[47] | |
Law of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves. | ||
1834 | The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire but on a gradual basis over the next six years.[83] Legally frees 700,000 in the West Indies, 20,000 in Mauritius, and 40,000 in South Africa. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the East India Company and Ceylon.[84] | |
French Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris.[85] | ||
1835 | Freedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.[86] | |
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
A decree of Felipe Santiago Salaverry re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other Latin American countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839.[87] | ||
1836 | Prime Minister Sá da Bandeira bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves from, or to the Portuguese colonies south of the equator. | |
Slavery made legal again with independence. | ||
1837 | Slavery abolished outside of the colonies.[43] | |
1838 | All slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. | |
1839 | The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (today known as Anti-Slavery International) replaces the Anti-Slavery Society. | |
The Indian indenture system is abolished in territories controlled by the Company, but this is reversed in 1842. | ||
Pope Gregory XVI's In supremo apostolatus resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade. | ||
1840 | Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade. | |
First World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in London. | ||
1841 | Quintuple Treaty agreeing to suppress the slave trade.[47] | |
United States v. The Amistad finds that the slaves of La Amistad were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary. | ||
1842 | Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator. | |
Law for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.[43] | ||
1843 | The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the Company. | |
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
1845 | 36 Royal Navy ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world. | |
In Jarrot v. Jarrot, the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.[81] | ||
1846 | Ahmad I ibn Mustafa abolishes the slave trade under British pressure, but this is later reversed by his successor, Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn.[88] | |
1847 | Slave trade from Africa abolished.[89] | |
Last slaves freed.[90] | ||
The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census[91]) are freed. | ||
1848 | Serfdom abolished.[92][93][94] | |
Slavery abolished in the colonies. Gabon is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves. | ||
Slavery abolished.[47][90] | ||
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
1849 | Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | |
Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Dorchester County. | ||
The Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of Lomboko. |
1850–1899
Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1850 | The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in. | |
Eusébio de Queiróz Act (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831). | ||
1851 | Bilateral treaty of October 12, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country. | |
Slavery abolished along with opium, gambling, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, prostitution and foot binding.[95][96][97] | ||
Slavery abolished.[79] | ||
Slavery abolished.[98] | ||
Lagos | Reduction of Lagos: The British attack the city and replace King Kosoko with Akitoye because of the former's refusal to ban the slave trade. | |
1852 | 1852 Constitution made slavery official declared illegal.[99] | |
Lagos | Bilateral treaty banning the slave trade and human sacrifice. | |
1853 | Slavery abolished.[100] | |
1854 | Slavery abolished.[47] | |
Slavery abolished.[47][79] | ||
Trade of Circassian children banned. | ||
1855 | Slavery abolished. | |
1856 | Slavery abolished. | |
1857 | Dred Scott v. Sanford rules that black slaves and their descendants can't gain American citizenship and that slaves aren't entitled to freedom even if they live in a free state for years. | |
Firman banning the trade of Black African (Zanj) slaves. | ||
1858 | Zanj slave trade banned in the Middle East, Balkans and Cyprus. | |
1859 | Atlantic Ocean | Definitive suppression of the transatlantic slave trade. |
The Wyandotte Constitution establishes the future state of Kansas as a free state, after four years of armed conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the territory. Southern dominance in the Senate of the United States delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861. | ||
Kazakhs banned from having slaves, although slavery persists in some areas through the rest of the century.[101] | ||
1860 | Indian indenture system abolished. | |
Last slave ship to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the Clotilda. | ||
1861 | The Emancipation reform of 1861 abolishes serfdom.[102] | |
The election of Abraham Lincoln leads to the attempted secession of several slaveholding states and the American Civil War. | ||
1862 | Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act).[76] | |
Slave trade abolished.[47] | ||
Nathaniel Gordon becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade". | ||
1863 | Slavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in Surinam, 12,000 in the Dutch Antilles,[103] and an indeterminate number in Indonesia. | |
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in Confederate-controlled areas. Most slaves in "border states" are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in Washington, D.C. | ||
1864 | Serfdom abolished.[104] | |
1865 | Slavery abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, excluding convicted criminals. It affects 40,000 remaining slaves.[105] | |
Spanish Abolitionist Society founded in Madrid by Julio Vizcarrondo, José Julián Acosta and Joaquín Sanromá.[43] | ||
1866 | Slavery abolished.[106] The United States government treaties with the Cherokee Nation, Choctaw Nation, Chickasaw Nation, Muscogee Nation and Seminole Nation required all 5 nations abolish slavery for their governments to be recognized by the Union government post 1865. | |
1867 | Law of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.[43] | |
Peonage Act of 1867, mostly targeting use of Native American peons in New Mexico Territory. Slavery among natives tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867.[107] | ||
1868 | Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the Ten Years War. | |
1869 | Louis I abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies. | |
1870 | Amidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, Segismundo Moret drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees the children of slaves, the slaves older than 65 years and the slaves serving in the Spanish Army, beginning in 1872.[43] | |
1871 | Rio Branco Law (Law of Free Birth) makes the children born to slave mothers free.[108] | |
Slave trade criminalized. | ||
1873 | Slavery abolished. | |
Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76] | ||
1874 | Slavery abolished.[109] | |
1879 | Slavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed. | |
1882 | A firman emancipates all slaves, white and black.[110] | |
1884 | Slavery abolished. | |
1885 | Sexagenarians Law (a.k.a. Saraiva-Cotegipe Act) passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State. | |
1886 | Slavery abolished.[47] | |
1888 | Golden Law decreeing the total abolition of slavery with immediate effect, without indemnities to slave owners, but the financial aid to the freedmen planned by the monarchy never takes place due to a military coup that establishes a Republic in the country.[111] | |
1889 | An Italian court finds that Josephine Bakhita was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British or Egyptian law and is a free woman. | |
1890 | Brussels Conference Act – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the Congo Basin, the Ottoman Empire, and the East African coast. | |
1894 | Slavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930.[112] | |
1895 | Slavery abolished.[113] | |
1896 | Slavery abolished. | |
1897 | Slavery abolished.[114] | |
Slave trade abolished.[115] | ||
Children of freedmen issued separate certificates of liberation to avoid enslavement and separation from their parents. | ||
1899 | Slavery abolished. |
1900–1949
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1900 | Slavery abolished February 22, 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.[116] | |
1902 | Slavery abolished. | |
1903 | "Slave" no longer used as an administrative category. | |
1904 | International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to Eritrea but not to Italian Somaliland.[117] | |
1905 | Slavery formally abolished. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward. | |
1906 | Slavery abolished beginning in 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25.[118] | |
1908 | The Young Turk Revolution eradicates the open trade of Zanj and Circassian women from Constantinople.[119] | |
1912 | Slavery abolished.[115] | |
1922 | Slavery abolished.[120] | |
1923 | Slavery abolished.[121] | |
Convict lease abolished after the death of Martin Tabert, who was whipped for being too ill to work. | ||
1924 | Slavery abolished. | |
Temporary Slavery Commission appointed. | ||
1926 | Slavery abolished. | |
Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery. | ||
1927 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
Treaty of Jeddah (1927) abolishing the slave trade. | ||
1928 | Abolition of domestic slavery practised by local African elites.[122] Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s. | |
Convict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so. | ||
1929 | Slavery abolished and criminalized.[123] | |
1930 | Forced Labour Convention. | |
1935 | The invading Italian General Emilio De Bono claims to have abolished slavery in the Ethiopian Empire.[124] | |
Cudjoe Lewis, the last survivor of the Clotilda and last surviving African slave imported to the United States, dies in Mobile, Alabama. | ||
1936 | Slavery abolished.[125] | |
1941 | Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of convict leasing. | |
1946 | Fritz Sauckel, Nazi official responsible for procuring forced labor in occupied Europe during World War II, is convicted of crimes against humanity and hanged.[126] | |
Beginning of large slave defections encouraged by the French Fourth Republic and the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally party. | ||
1948 | Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares slavery contrary to human rights.[127] |
1950–present
Date | Jurisdiction | Description |
---|---|---|
1952 | Slavery abolished.[128] | |
1953 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1954 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1955 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1956 | Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery. | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1957 | The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention. | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1958 | Slavery abolished. | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1959 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1960 | Slavery abolished.[131] | |
First president Modibo Keita makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of Moussa Traoré (1968–1991). | ||
1961 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1962 | Slavery abolished.[128] | |
Slavery abolished.[128] | ||
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1963 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1964 | Slavery abolished. | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1965 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1966 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1968 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1969 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1970 | Slavery abolished.[132] | |
1972 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1973 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1974 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1976 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1981 | Slavery abolished.[133][134][135] | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
1982 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1983 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1984 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1985 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1986 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1987 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1990 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1992 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1993 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1994 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1995 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1996 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1997 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
1998 | Forced ritual servitude of girls in Ewe shrines banned. | |
2001 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
2003 | Slavery criminalized.[131] | |
2006 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
Temedt, an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in Essakane. | ||
2007 | Slavery criminalized.[136] | |
1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | ||
2008 | 1926 Slavery Convention ratified. | |
2009 | Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[137] | |
2015 | Modern Slavery Act 2015.[138] | |
2017 | Criminalization of Human Trafficking[139] | |
Present | Worldwide | Although slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries,[140][141] de facto practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.[142][143][144][145] |
See also
References
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- ↑ Clarence-Smith, William. "Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ It was replaced by forced labour to citizens (e.g. Great Wall and other big public working projects) The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. 2009. p. 165. ISBN 9780618992386.
- 1 2 Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2011. p. 155. ISBN 9780313331435.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Google Books. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ Cahill, Thomas (1995). How the Irish Saved Civilization. New York: Doubleday. p. 110,148. ISBN 0-385-41849-3.
- ↑ Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 368. ISBN 0-87436-885-5.
- ↑ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13798-slave-trade
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- ↑ Denzinger, Heinrich P. (2012). Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals. Santa Francisco, California: Ignatius Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-89870-746-5.
- 1 2 3 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1171latrsale.asp
- ↑ Sept essais sur des Aspects de la société et de l'économie dans la Normandie médiévale (Xe – XIIIe siècles) Lucien Musset, Jean-Michel Bouvris, Véronique Gazeau -Cahier des Annales de Normandie- 1988, Volume 22, Issue 22, pp. 3–140
- ↑ "Iceland – So Near yet So Remote". Archived from the original on 5 February 2003.
Iceland had a national assembly in the year 930 and abolished slavery in 1117.
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- 1 2 Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2011. p. 156. ISBN 9780313331435.
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- 1 2 3 Sánchez Galera, Juan y Sánchez Galera, José María. Vamos a contar mentiras. Madrid, México, Buenos Aires, San Juan, Santiago, Miami. Edaf, 2012
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- ↑ Denzinger, Heinrich P. (2012). Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals. Santa Francisco, California: Ignatius Press. pp. 367–8. ISBN 978-0-89870-746-5.
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- ↑ Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, pp. 31–32.
- ↑ Maria Suzette Fernandes Dias (2007). Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-84718-111-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ↑ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265.
- ↑ Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 0-8264-5749-5. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ↑ Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 0-8264-5749-5. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ↑ KIZILOV, MIKHAIL (2007). Journal of Early Modern History. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 11: 16
- ↑ Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (1984)
- ↑ Hellie, Richard (2009). "Slavery and serfdom in Russia". In Gleason, Abbott. A Companion to Russian History. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. 10. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. ISBN 9781444308426. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ Valenzuela Márquez, Jaime (2009). "Esclavos mapuches. Para una historia del secuestro y deportación de indígenas en la colonia". In Gaune, Rafael; Lara, Martín. Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile (in Spanish). pp. 234–236.
- ↑ Catterall, Helen Tunnicliff. Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Vol. I: Cases from the Courts of England, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926. accessed 2 October 2013.
- ↑ V.C.D. Mtubani, African Slaves and English Law, PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol 3 No 2 Nov 1983 retrieved 24 February 2011
- ↑ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vicent, Bernard (1993) [1979]. Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 265
- ↑ Wilson, Thomas D., The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. p. 130.
- 1 2 Blackburn, Robin (1988) The overthrow of colonial slavery, 1776–1848. Verso, 560 pages.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 http://www.artic.ua.es/biblioteca/u85/documentos/1701.pdf
- ↑ Heward, Edmund (1979). Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years. p. 141. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-85992-163-8
- ↑ Both decrees are published in a 1971 article by Oliveira e Costa
- 1 2 Finkelman, Paul (2007). "The Abolition of The Slave Trade". New York Public Library. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 1995. Pages 33–34.
- ↑ "Constitution of Vermont (1777)". Chapter I, Article I: State of Vermont. 1777. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ↑ Lee Ann, Cox. "UVM historian examines Vermont's mixed history of slavery and abolition".
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- ↑ "Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case". The National Archives of Scotland. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
- ↑ A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., In the Matter of Color: Race & the American Legal Process, Oxford University Press, 1978. p. 310.
- ↑ "Historical survey > Slave societies". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ A. Leon Higginbotham, In the matter of color: race and the American legal process (1980) p. 91
- ↑ Viorel Achim, The Roma in Romanian History, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004. ISBN 963-9241-84-9, p. 128
- ↑ Higginbotham, p. 310.
- ↑ Britton (ed.) 1978, p. 53
- ↑ A. B. C. Sibthorpe, The history of Sierra Leone (1970) p. 8
- ↑ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ↑ Rodriguez, Junius P. The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1. Google Books. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ David B. Gaspar, David P. Geggus, A Turbulent time: the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (1997) p. 60
- ↑ Xuereb, Charles (10 April 2007). "Slavery in Malta". Times of Malta. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ↑ David N. Gellman (2008). Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827. LSU Press. pp. 2, 215.
- ↑ May, Thomas Erskine (1895), "Last Relics of Slavery", The Constitutional History of England (1760–1860), II, New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, pp. 274–275
- ↑ Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind, 2005. Page 111.
- ↑ "1804: With passage of the law excerpted here, New Jersey became the last state in the North to abolish slavery." Howard L. Green, Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader (1995) p 84.
- ↑ Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," New York Times. 30 December 2007.
- ↑ Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore BBC
- 1 2 Kantowicz, Edward R. (1975). Polish-American politics in Chicago, 1888–1940. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-226-42380-7. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ↑ Woodward, Augustus. "Slavery in the Northwest Territory". Leelanau Communications, Inc. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ↑ Jean Allain (2012). The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. p. 121.
- ↑ Carole Elizabeth Boyce Davies (2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: vol 1. p. 95.
- 1 2 "Blacks in Latin America", Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation.
- ↑ Mark Jarrett (2014). The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy. p. 144.
- ↑ Higginbotham, pp. 146–47.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Chronological Table of the Statutes" (1959 edition)
- ↑ Levin, Stephenie Seto (1968). "The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii". Journal of the Polynesian Society. Wellington, NZ: Polynesian Society. 77: 402–430.
- ↑ "Slavery- A Timeline".
- 1 2 3 Aguilera, Miguel (1965). La Legislacion y el derecho en Colombia. Historia extensa de Colombia. 14. Bogota: Lemer. pp. 428–442.
- ↑ David N. Gellman (2008). Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827. pp. 2, 215.
- 1 2 Dexter, Darrel (2004). "Slavery In Illinois: How and Why the Underground Railroad Existed". Freedom Trails: Legacies of Hope. Illinois Freedom Trail Commission. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ↑ Alwyn Barr (1996). Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995. p. 15.
- ↑ Oldfield, Dr John (February 17, 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
the new legislation called for the gradual abolition of slavery. Everyone over the age of six on August 1, 1834, when the law went into effect, was required to serve an apprenticeship of four years in the case of domestics and six years in the case of field hands
- ↑ Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:293
- ↑ http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Nelly_Schmidt_Eng_01.pdf
- ↑ Serbian: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
- ↑ Código Civil de 1852: Lo nacional y lo importado, by César Luna Victoria León.
- ↑ Ismael M. Montana, The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia (2013)
- ↑ Ehûd R. Tôledānô (1998). Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. p. 11.
- 1 2 Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes. An Inquiry Into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America: To which is Prefixed An Historical Sketch of Slavery, 1858. Page cxcii.
- ↑ 1840 US Census, Pennsylvania
- ↑ Anderson, Kevin (15 May 2010). Marx at the margins: on nationalism, ethnicity, and non-western societies. University of Chicago Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-226-01983-3. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ↑ Smith, William Frank (November 2010). Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-60844-821-0. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2007). Silesia and Central European nationalisms: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918. Purdue University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-55753-371-5. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ Hays, Jeffrey. "TAIPING REBELLION – Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/inst203/taiping.txt
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- ↑ Wong, Helen; Rayson, Ann (1987). Hawaii's Royal History. Honolulu: Bess Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-935848-48-9.
- ↑ Robert J. Cottrol (2013). The Long, Lingering Shadow: Slavery, Race, and Law in the American Hemisphere. University of Georgia Press. p. 121.
- ↑ http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/97summer/galiev.html
- ↑ Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor (1987)
- ↑ Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 2:637
- ↑ Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego, >
- Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 389–394
- ↑ Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2004)
- ↑ Hornsby, Jr., Alton (2008). A Companion to African-American History. Google Books. p. 127. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ Leland Donald (1997). Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America. p. 244.
- ↑ Robert E. Conrad, The destruction of Brazilian slavery, 1850–1888 (1972) p. 106
- ↑ Suzanne Miers and Richard L. Roberts, The End of slavery in Africa (1988) p. 79
- ↑ Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909 (1998).
- ↑ Finkelman and Miller, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1:124
- ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii.
- ↑ http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1895/TS0016%20(1895)%201895%2021%20NOV,%20CAIRO%3B%20CONVENTION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20EGYPT%20FOR%20THE%20SUPPRESSION%20OF%20SLAVERY%20AND%20THE%20SLAVE%20TRADE.pdf
- ↑ "Swahili Coast". National Geographic. 2002-10-17. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- 1 2 Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 61.
- ↑ "Affairs in America". Cyclopedic Review of Current History. Current History Co. 10: 1900: 54. 1901.
- ↑ "University of Minnesota Human Rights Library". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ "Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Cheikh A. Babou. The Journal of African History, 48: 490–491, Cambridge University Press 2007
- ↑ "Afghan Constitution: 1923". Afghangovernment.com. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ The Committee Office, House of Commons (2006-03-06). "House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ Law for prohibition of slave trade and liberation of slaves at the point of entry, 1 Iranian National Parliament 7, Page 156 (1929).
- ↑ Barker, A. J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 36
- ↑ "The End of Slavery". BBC. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ "The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. 10 December 1948. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 ... Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
- 1 2 3 "BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ The Byelorussian SSR and the USSR had separate representation at the UN.
- ↑ The Ukrainian SSR and the USSR had separate representation at the UN.
- 1 2 Anti-Slavery International (28 October 2008). "Niger slavery: Background". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ↑ Miers, Suzanne (21 March 2018). "Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem". Rowman Altamira. Retrieved 21 March 2018 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Slavery in Mauritania Archived 23 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Disposable People". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ↑ "Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
- ↑ Slavery's last stronghold. CNN.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ↑ "Coroners and Justice Act 2009".
- ↑ "Modern Slavery Act 2015".
- ↑ "Navajo Sign Law Criminalizing Human Trafficking – Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ Kevin Bales (2004). New Slavery: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85109-815-6.
- ↑ Shelley K. White; Jonathan M. White; Kathleen Odell Korgen (27 May 2014). Sociologists in Action on Inequalities: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality. SAGE Publications. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4833-1147-0.
- ↑ Smith, Alexander (17 October 2013). "30 million people still live in slavery, human rights group says". NBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ↑ Kelly, Annie (3 April 2013). "Modern-day slavery: an explainer". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ↑ "Ethics – Slavery: Modern Slavery". BBC. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ↑ Aziz, Omer; Hussain, Murtaza (5 January 2014). "Qatar's Showcase of Shame". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Further reading
- Bales, Kevin. "Disposable People" (University of California Press, 2012)
- Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
- Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
- Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
- Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
- Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
- Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
- Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World (2007)
- Psychiatric Slavery by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz
External links
- Timeline – What happened before 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
- Timeline – What happened after 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
- Slavery and Abolition
- American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including US and international anti-slavery timelines.
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