Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom

The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries. It frequently occurred sequentially in more than one stage – for example, as abolition of the trade in slaves in a specific country, and then as abolition of slavery throughout empires. Each step was usually the result of a separate law or action. This timeline shows abolition laws or actions listed chronologically. It also covers the abolition of serfdom.

Although slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries, some practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.

Ancient times

Date Jurisdiction Description
Early sixth century BC Polis of Athens The Athenian lawgiver Solon abolishes debt slavery and frees all Athenian citizens who had formerly been enslaved.[1][2]
326 BC Roman Republic Lex Poetelia Papiria abolishes debt bondage.
3rd century BC Maurya EmpireAshoka abolishes the slave trade and encourages people to treat slaves well in the Maurya Empire, covering the majority of India, which was under his rule.[3]
221–206 BC Qin DynastyMeasures to eliminate the landowning aristocracy include the abolition of slavery and the establishment of a free peasantry who owed taxes and labor to the state. They also discouraged serfdom.[4] The dynasty was overthrown in 206 BC and many of its laws were overturned.
9–12 ADXin DynastyWang Mang, first and only emperor of the Xin Dynasty, usurped the Chinese throne and instituted a series of sweeping reforms, including the abolition of slavery and radical land reform from 9–12 A.D.[5][6]

Medieval timeline

N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.
Date Jurisdiction Description
~500IrelandSlavery (or at least slave trading) ends for a time in Ireland,[7] but resumes by the ninth century.[8]
590–604 RomePope Gregory I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves.[9]
7th centuryFranciaQueen Balthild, a former slave, and the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (644–655) condemn the enslavement of Christians. Balthild purchases slaves, mostly Saxon, and manumits them.[10]
741–752 RomePope Zachary bans the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, purchases all slaves acquired in the city by Venetian traders, and sets them free.
840 Carolingian Empire
Venice
Pactum Lotharii: Venice pledges to neither buy Christian slaves in the Empire, nor sell them to Muslims. Venetian slavers switch to trading Slavs from the East.
873ChristendomPope John VIII commands under penalty of sin that all Christians who hold other Christians as slaves must set them free.[11]
922West FranciaThe Council of Koblenz equates the enslavement and sale of a Christian with homicide.[12]
960 VeniceSlave trade banned in the city under the rule of Doge Pietro IV Candiano.
1080 Normandy
England
William the Conqueror prohibits the sale of any person to "heathens" (non-Christians) as slaves.
1100 NormandySerfdom no longer present.[13]
1102 EnglandThe Council of London bans the slave trade.[12]
1117 IcelandSlavery abolished.[14] Reintroduced as Vistarband from 1490 to 1894 in various forms.
1120 JerusalemThe Council of Nablus decrees that a man who rapes his own slave should be castrated, and that a man who rapes a slave belonging to another should be castrated and exiled.
c. 1160 NorwayThe Gulating bans the sale of house slaves out of the country.
1171 IrelandAll English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh.[12]
1198 FranceTrinitarian Order founded with the purpose of redeeming war captives.
1214KorčulaThe Statute of the Town abolishes slavery.[15]
1218Catalonia AragonMercedarians founded in Barcelona with the purpose of ransoming poor Christians enslaved by Muslims.
~1220 Holy Roman EmpireThe Sachsenspiegel, the most influential German code of law from the Middle Ages, condemns slavery as a violation of man's likeness to God.[16]
1245Catalonia AragonJames I bans Jews from owning Christian slaves, but allows them to own Muslims and Pagans.[17]
1256 BolognaLiber Paradisus promulgated. Slavery and serfdom abolished, all serfs in the commune are released.
1274 NorwayLandslov (Land's Law) mentions only former slaves, implying that slavery was abolished in Norway.
1290 EnglandEdward I passes Quia Emptores, breaking any indenture to an estate, on the sale or transfer of the estate.
1315 FranceLouis X publishes a decree abolishing slavery and proclaiming that "France signifies freedom", that any slave setting foot on French ground should be freed.[18] However some limited cases of slavery continued until the 17th century in some of France's Mediterranean harbours in Provence, as well as until the 18th century in some of France's overseas territories.[19] Most aspects of serfdom are also eliminated de facto between 1315 and 1318.[20]
1335 SwedenSlavery abolished (including Sweden's territory in Finland). However, slaves are not banned entry into the country until 1813.[21] In the 18th and 19th Centuries, slavery will be practiced in the Swedish-ruled Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy.
1347 PolandThe Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica emancipate all non-free people.[22]
1368 Ming DynastyThe Hongwu Emperor abolishes all forms of slavery,[5] but it continues across China. Later rulers, as a way of limiting slavery in the absence of a prohibition, pass a decree that limits the number of slaves per household and extracts a severe tax from slave owners.[23]
1416 RagusaSlavery and slave trade abolished.
1435 Canary IslandsPope Eugene IV's Sicut Dudum bans enslavement of Christians in the Canary Islands on pain of excommunication.[24] However the non-Christian Guanches can still be enslaved.[19]
1477 CastileIsabella I bans slavery in newly conquered territories.[25]
1486Catalonia AragonFerdinand II promulgates the Sentence of Guadalupe, abolishing Carolingian-remnant serfdom (remença) in Old Catalonia.
1490 CastileThe slaves of one particular trader are released by a royal cedula.[25]
1493 CastileQueen Isabella bans the enslavement of Native Americans unless they are hostile or cannibalistic.[25] Native Americans are ruled to be subjects of the Crown. Columbus is preempted from selling Indian captives in Seville and those already sold are tracked, purchased from their buyers and released.

Modern timeline

1500–1700 (Early Modern)

Date Jurisdiction Description
1503 CastileNative Americans allowed to travel to Spain only on their own free will.[26]
1512 CastileThe Laws of Burgos establish limits to the treatment of natives in the Encomienda system.
1518Spanish Empire SpainDecree of Charles V establishing the importation of African slaves to the Americas, under monopoly of Laurent de Gouvenot, in an attempt to discourage enslavement of Native Americans.
1528Spanish Empire SpainCharles V forbids the transportation of Native Americans to Europe, even on their own will, in an effort to curtail their enslavement.
1530Spanish Empire SpainOutright slavery of Native Americans under any circumstance is banned. However, forced labor under the Encomienda system continues.
1536Spanish Empire SpainThe Welser family is dispossessed of the Asiento monopoly (granted in 1528) following complaints about their treatment of Native American workers in Venezuela.
1537New WorldPope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and any other population to be discovered, establishing their right to freedom and property (Sublimis Deus).[27]
1542Spanish Empire SpainThe New Laws ban slave raiding in the Americas and abolish the slavery of natives, but replace it with other systems of forced labor like the repartimiento. Slavery of Black Africans continues.[19] New limits are imposed to the Encomienda.
1549Spanish Empire SpainEncomiendas banned from using forced labor.
1552Spanish Empire SpainBartolomé de las Casas, who had once defended the importation of African slaves as a way to protect Native Americans, also condemns African slavery.
1569 EnglandAn English court case involving Cartwright, who had brought a slave from Russia, is said—on the basis of a summary written more than a century later—to have ruled slavery illegal in England, but appears to have been more about the nature of legally acceptable punishment than slavery per se, and certainly did not soon become a recognized precedent for outlawing slavery as slaves continued to be bought and sold in Liverpool and London markets without legal hindrance into the 18th century. See the article "Slavery at common law".
1570 PortugalKing Sebastian of Portugal bans the enslavement of Native Americans under Portuguese rule, allowing only the enslavement of hostile ones. This law was highly influenced by the Society of Jesus, which had missionaries in direct contact with Brazilian tribes.
1574 EnglandLast remaining serfs emancipated by Elizabeth I.[20]
1588 LithuaniaThe Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery.[28]
1590 JapanToyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery except as punishment for criminals.[29]
1595 PortugalTrade of Chinese slaves banned.[30]
1609Spanish Empire SpainThe Moriscos, many of whom are serfs, are expelled from Peninsular Spain unless they become slaves voluntarily (known as moros cortados, "cut Moors").[31]
1624 PortugalEnslavement of Chinese banned.[32][33]
1649 RussiaThe sale of Russian slaves to Muslims is banned.[34]
1679 RussiaFeodor III converts all Russian field slaves into serfs.[35][36]
1683Spanish Empire ChileSlavery of Mapuche prisoners of war abolished.[37]
1687Spanish Empire FloridaSlaves fugitive from British colonies are granted freedom in return for conversion to Catholicism and four years of military service.

1701–1799 (Late Modern)

Date Jurisdiction Description
1703Ottoman EmpireThe forced conversion and induction of Christian children into the army known as Devshirme or "Blood Tax", is abolished.
1706 EnglandIn Smith v. Browne & Cooper, Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, rules that "as soon as a Negro comes into England, he becomes free. One may be a villein in England, but not a slave."[38][39]
1712 SpainMoros cortados expelled.[40]
1715 North Carolina
South Carolina
Indian slave trade in the American Southeast reduces with the outbreak of the Yamasee War.
1723 RussiaPeter the Great converts all house slaves into house serfs, effectively making slavery illegal in Russia.
1723–1730 Qing DynastyThe Yongzheng emancipation seeks to free all slaves to strengthen the autocratic ruler through a kind of social leveling that creates an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne. Although these new regulations freed the vast majority of slaves, wealthy families continued to use slave labor into the twentieth century.[23]
1732 GeorgiaProvince established without black slavery in sharp contrast to neighboring Carolina. In 1738, James Oglethorpe warns against changing that policy, which would "occasion the misery of thousands in Africa."[41] Native American slavery is legal throughout, however, and black slavery is later introduced in 1749.
1738Spain FloridaFort Mosé, the first legal settlement of free blacks in what is today the United States, is established. Word of the settlement sparks the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina the following year.
1761 PortugalThe Marquis of Pombal bans the importation of slaves to metropolitan Portugal[42]
1766 SpainMuhammad III of Morocco purchases the freedom of all Muslim slaves in Seville, Cadiz and Barcelona.[43]
1772 Great BritainSomersett's case rules that no slave can be forcibly removed from Great Britain. This case was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under English law in England and Wales, and emancipated the remaining ten to fourteen thousand slaves or possible slaves in England and Wales, who were mostly domestic servants.[44]
1773 PortugalA new decree by the Marquis of Pombal, signed by the king Dom José, emancipates fourth-generation slaves[42] and every child of a slave mother born (the child) after the decree was published.[45]
1775 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Abolition Society formed in Philadelphia, the first abolition society within the territory that is now the United States of America.
1775–1783 United StatesAtlantic slave trade banned or suspended during the American Revolutionary War. This was part of the 13 colonies overall policy of refusing to import anything from Britain, as an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain during the war.[46]
1777Portugal MadeiraSlavery abolished.[47]
VermontThe Constitution of the Vermont Republic partially bans slavery,[47] freeing men over 21 and women older than 18 at the time of its passage.[48] The ban is not strongly enforced.[49][50]
1778 Kingdom of Great BritainJoseph Knight successfully argues that Scots law cannot support the status of slavery.[51]
1780 PennsylvaniaAn Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery passed, freeing future children of slaves. Those born prior to the Act remain enslaved for life. The Act becomes a model for other Northern states. Last slaves freed 1847.[52]
1783 RussiaSlavery abolished in the recently annexed Crimean Khanate.[53]
 MassachusettsMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules slavery unconstitutional, a decision based on the 1780 Massachusetts constitution. All slaves are immediately freed.[54]
Habsburg MonarchyJoseph II abolishes slavery in Bukovina.[55]
 New HampshireGradual abolition of slavery begins.
1784 ConnecticutGradual abolition of slavery, freeing future children of slaves, and later all slaves.[56]
Rhode IslandGradual abolition of slavery begins.
1786 New South WalesA no slavery policy is adopted by governor-designate Arthur Phillip for the soon-to-be established colony.[57]
1787 United StatesThe United States in Congress Assembled passes the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, outlawing any new slavery in the Northwest Territories.
Sierra LeoneFounded by Great Britain as a colony for emancipated slaves.[58]
 Great BritainSociety for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in Great Britain.[47]
1788 Great BritainSir William Dolben's Act regulating the conditions on British slave ships enacted.
 France Abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks founded in Paris.
1789 FranceLast remaining seigneurial privileges over peasants abolished.[59]
1791 Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthThe Constitution of May 3, 1791 introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government; thus, it mitigated the worst abuses of serfdom.
1791 FranceEmancipation of second-generation slaves in the colonies.[43]
1792 Denmark-NorwayTransatlantic slave trade declared illegal after 1803, though slavery continues in Danish colonies to 1848.[60]
1793 Saint-DomingueCommissioner Leger-Felicite Sonthonax abolishes slavery in the northern part of the colony. His colleague Etienne Polverel does the same in the rest of the territory in October.
Upper CanadaImportation of slaves banned by the Act Against Slavery.
1794 FranceSlavery abolished in all French territories and possessions.[61]
United StatesThe Slave Trade Act bans both American ships from participating in the slave trade and the importation of slaves by foreign ships.[46]
Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthThe Proclamation of Połaniec, issued during the Kościuszko Uprising, partially abolished serfdom in Poland, and granted substantial civil liberties to all peasants.
1798French First Republic Occupied MaltaSlavery banned in the islands after their capture by Napoleon.[62]
1799 New YorkGradual emancipation act freeing the future children of slaves, and all slaves in 1827.[63]
 Kingdom of Great BritainThe Colliers (Scotland) Act 1799 ends the legal slavery of coal miners that had been established in 1606.[64]

Contemporary timeline

1800–1829

Date Jurisdiction Description
1800 United StatesAmerican citizens banned from investment and employment in the international slave trade in an additional Slave Trade Act.
1802 FranceNapoleon re-introduces slavery in sugarcane-growing colonies.[65]
United States OhioState constitution abolishes slavery.
1803 Denmark-NorwayAbolition of transatlantic slave trade takes effect on January 1.
1804 New JerseyAll the Northern states abolished slavery; New Jersey in 1804 was the last to act. None of the Southern or border states abolished slavery before the American Civil War.[66]
 HaitiHaiti declares independence and abolishes slavery.[47]
1804–1813 SerbiaLocal slaves emancipated.
1805 United KingdomA bill for abolition passes in House of Commons but is rejected in the House of Lords.
1806 United StatesIn a message to Congress, Thomas Jefferson calls for criminalizing the international slave trade, asking Congress to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights … which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe."
1807 United StatesInternational slave trade made a felony in Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves; this act takes effect on 1 January 1808, the earliest date permitted under the Constitution.[67]
 United KingdomAbolition of the Slave Trade Act abolishes slave trading in British Empire. Captains fined £120 per slave transported. Patrols sent to the African coast to arrest slaving vessels. The West Africa Squadron (Royal Navy) is established to suppress slave trading; by 1865, nearly 150,000 people freed by anti-slavery operations.[68]
Poland WarsawConstitution abolishes serfdom.[69]
 PrussiaThe Stein-Hardenberg Reforms abolish serfdom.[69]
United States Michigan TerritoryJudge Augustus Woodward denies the return of two slaves owned by a man in Windsor, Upper Canada. Woodward declares that any man "coming into this Territory is by law of the land a freeman."[70]
1808 United StatesImportation and exportation of slaves made a crime.[71]
1810 New SpainIndependence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla demands the abolition of slavery.
1811 United KingdomSlave trading made a felony punishable by transportation for both British subjects and foreigners.
 SpainThe Cádiz Cortes abolish the last remaining seigneurial rights.[43]
 ChileThe First National Congress approves a proposal of Manuel de Salas that declares Freedom of Wombs, freeing the children of slaves born in Chilean territory, regardless of their parents' condition. The slave trade is banned and the slaves who stay for more than six months in Chilean territory are automatically declared freedmen.
1812 SpainThe Cádiz Constitution gives citizenship and equal rights to all residents in Spain and her territories, excluding slaves. Deputies José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer and Agustín Argüelles argue for the abolition of slavery unsuccessfully.[43]
1813 New SpainIndependence leader José María Morelos y Pavón declares slavery abolished in the documents Sentimientos de la Nación.
La PlataLaw of Wombs passed by the Assembly of Year XIII. Slaves born after 31 January 1813 will be granted freedom when they are married, or on their 16th birthday for women and 20th for men, and upon their manumission will be given land and tools to work it.[72]
1814 La PlataAfter the occupation of Montevideo, all slaves born in modern Uruguayan territory are declared free.
 NetherlandsSlave trade abolished.
1815 PortugalSlave trade banned north of the Equator in return for a £750,000 payment by Britain.[73]
Spain FloridaBritish withdrawing after the War of 1812 leave a fully armed fort in the hands of maroons, escaped slaves and their descendents, and their Seminole allies. Becomes known as Negro Fort.
 United Kingdom
 Portugal
Sweden-Norway
 France
Austria Austria
 Russia
 Spain
 Prussia
The Congress of Vienna declares its opposition to slavery.[74]
1816 EstoniaSerfdom abolished.
Spain FloridaNegro Fort destroyed in the Battle of Negro Fort by U.S. forces under the command of General Andrew Jackson.
Ottoman Empire AlgeriaAlgiers bombarded by the British and Dutch navies in an attempt to end North African piracy and slave raiding in the Mediterranean. 3,000 slaves freed.
1817 CourlandSerfdom abolished.
 SpainFerdinand VII signs a cedula banning the importation of slaves in Spanish possessions beginning in 1820,[43] in return for a £400,000 payment from Britain.[73] However, some slaves are still smuggled in after this date.
VenezuelaSimon Bolivar calls for the abolition of slavery.[43]
New York4 July 1827 set as date to free all ex-slaves from indenture.[75]
La PlataConstitution supports the abolition of slavery, but does not ban it.[43]
1818 United Kingdom
 Spain
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 United Kingdom
 Portugal
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 FranceSlave trade banned.
 United Kingdom
 Netherlands
Bilateral treaty taking additional measures to enforce the 1814 ban on slave trading.[76]
1819 LivoniaSerfdom abolished.
United Kingdom Upper CanadaAttorney-General John Robinson declares all black residents free.
 HawaiiThe ancient Hawaiian kapu system is abolished during the ʻAi Noa, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners).[77]
1820 United StatesThe Compromise of 1820 bans slavery north of the 36º 30' line; the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy is amended to consider the maritime slave trade as piracy, making it punishable with death.
IndianaThe supreme court orders almost all slaves in the state to be freed in Polly v. Lasselle.
 SpainThe 1817 abolition of the slave trade takes effect.[78]
1821 MexicoThe Plan of Iguala frees the slaves born in Mexico.[43]
 United States
 Spain
In accordance with Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Florida becomes a territory of the United States. A main reason was Spain's inability or unwillingness to capture and return escaped slaves.
PeruAbolition of slave trade and implementation of a plan to gradually end slavery.[43]
 Gran ColombiaEmancipation for sons and daughters born to slave mothers, program for compensated emancipation set.[79]
1822Haiti HaitiJean Pierre Boyer annexes Spanish Haiti and abolishes slavery there.
United States LiberiaFounded by the American Colonization Society as a colony for emancipated slaves.
GreeceSlavery abolished with independence.
1823 ChileSlavery abolished.[47]
 United KingdomThe Anti-Slavery Society is founded.
1824 MexicoThe new constitution effectively abolishes slavery.
Central AmericaSlavery abolished.
1825 UruguayImportation of slaves banned.
Haiti HaitiFrance, with warships at the ready, demanded Haiti compensate France for its loss of slaves and its slave colony
1827 United Kingdom
Sweden-Norway
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
New YorkLast vestiges of slavery abolished. Children born between 1799 and 1827 are indentured until age 25 (females) or age 28 (males).[80]
1828 IllinoisIn Phoebe v. Jay, the Illinois Supreme Court rules that indentured servants in Illinois cannot be treated as chattel and bequeathing them by will is illegal.[81]
1829 MexicoLast slaves freed just as the first president of partial African ancestry (Vicente Guerrero) is elected.[47]

1830–1849

Date Jurisdiction Description
1830 Coahuila y TejasMexican President Anastasio Bustamante attempts to implement the abolition of slavery. To circumvent the law, Anglo-Texans declare their slaves "indentured servants for life."[82]
1830 UruguaySlavery abolished.
 Ottoman EmpireMahmud II issues a firman freeing all white slaves.
1831 BoliviaSlavery abolished.[47]
Empire of Brazil BrazilLaw of 7 November 1831, abolishing the maritime slave trade, banning any importation of slaves, and granting freedom to slaves illegally imported into Brazil. The law was seldom enforced prior to 1850, when Brazil, under British pressure, adopted additional legislation to criminalize the importation of slaves.
1834 United KingdomThe Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into force, abolishing slavery throughout most of the British Empire but on a gradual basis over the next six years.[83] Legally frees 700,000 in the West Indies, 20,000 in Mauritius, and 40,000 in South Africa. The exceptions are the territories controlled by the East India Company and Ceylon.[84]
 FranceFrench Society for the Abolition of Slavery founded in Paris.[85]
1835 SerbiaFreedom granted to all slaves in the moment they step on Serb soil.[86]
 United Kingdom
 France
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 United Kingdom
 Denmark
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 PeruA decree of Felipe Santiago Salaverry re-legalizes the importation of slaves from other Latin American countries. The line "no slave shall enter Peru without becoming free" is taken out of the Constitution in 1839.[87]
1836 PortugalPrime Minister Sá da Bandeira bans the transatlantic slave trade and the importation and exportation of slaves from, or to the Portuguese colonies south of the equator.
TexasSlavery made legal again with independence.
1837 SpainSlavery abolished outside of the colonies.[43]
1838 United KingdomAll slaves in the colonies become free after a period of forced apprenticeship following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
1839 United KingdomThe British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (today known as Anti-Slavery International) replaces the Anti-Slavery Society.
East India CompanyThe Indian indenture system is abolished in territories controlled by the Company, but this is reversed in 1842.
Papal States Catholic ChurchPope Gregory XVI's In supremo apostolatus resoundingly condemns slavery and the slave trade.
1840 United Kingdom
 Venezuela
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.
 United KingdomFirst World Anti-Slavery Convention meets in London.
1841 United Kingdom
 France
 Russia
 Prussia
Austrian Empire Austria
Quintuple Treaty agreeing to suppress the slave trade.[47]
 United StatesUnited States v. The Amistad finds that the slaves of La Amistad were illegally enslaved and were legally allowed, as free men, to fight their captors by any means necessary.
1842 United Kingdom
 Portugal
Bilateral treaty extending the enforcement of the slave trade ban to Portuguese ships south of the Equator.
 ParaguayLaw for the gradual abolition of slavery passed.[43]
1843 East India CompanyThe Indian Slavery Act, 1843, Act V abolishes slavery in territories controlled by the Company.
 United Kingdom
 Uruguay
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 United Kingdom
 Mexico
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 United Kingdom
 Chile
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
 United Kingdom
Bolivia
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
1845 United Kingdom36 Royal Navy ships assigned to the Anti-Slavery Squadron, making it one of the largest fleets in the world.
IllinoisIn Jarrot v. Jarrot, the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance.[81]
1846 TunisiaAhmad I ibn Mustafa abolishes the slave trade under British pressure, but this is later reversed by his successor, Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn.[88]
1847 Ottoman EmpireSlave trade from Africa abolished.[89]
Saint BarthélemyLast slaves freed.[90]
 PennsylvaniaThe last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census[91]) are freed.
1848Austrian Empire AustriaSerfdom abolished.[92][93][94]
 FranceSlavery abolished in the colonies. Gabon is founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves.
Denmark Danish West IndiesSlavery abolished.[47][90]
 United Kingdom
Muscat and Oman Muscat and Oman
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
1849 United Kingdom
 Trucial States
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
MarylandHarriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Dorchester County.
United Kingdom Sierra LeoneThe Royal Navy destroys the slave factory of Lomboko.

1850–1899

Date Jurisdiction Description
1850 United StatesThe Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 requires the return of escaped slaves to their owners regardless of the state they are in.
Empire of Brazil BrazilEusébio de Queiróz Act (Law 581 of 4 September 1850) criminalizing the maritime slave trade as piracy, and imposing other criminal sanctions on the importation of slaves (already banned in 1831).
1851 Empire of Brazil Brazil

 Uruguay

Bilateral treaty of October 12, Uruguay accepts returning to Brazil the escaped slaves from that country.
Taiping Heavenly KingdomSlavery abolished along with opium, gambling, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, prostitution and foot binding.[95][96][97]
New GranadaSlavery abolished.[79]
 EcuadorSlavery abolished.[98]
LagosReduction of Lagos: The British attack the city and replace King Kosoko with Akitoye because of the former's refusal to ban the slave trade.
1852Hawaii Hawaii1852 Constitution made slavery official declared illegal.[99]
 United Kingdom
Lagos
Bilateral treaty banning the slave trade and human sacrifice.
1853Argentine Confederation ArgentinaSlavery abolished.[100]
1854 PeruSlavery abolished.[47]
 VenezuelaSlavery abolished.[47][79]
 Ottoman EmpireTrade of Circassian children banned.
1855 MoldaviaSlavery abolished.
1856 WallachiaSlavery abolished.
1857 United StatesDred Scott v. Sanford rules that black slaves and their descendants can't gain American citizenship and that slaves aren't entitled to freedom even if they live in a free state for years.
EgyptFirman banning the trade of Black African (Zanj) slaves.
1858 Ottoman EmpireZanj slave trade banned in the Middle East, Balkans and Cyprus.
1859Atlantic OceanDefinitive suppression of the transatlantic slave trade.
 United StatesThe Wyandotte Constitution establishes the future state of Kansas as a free state, after four years of armed conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the territory. Southern dominance in the Senate of the United States delays the admission of Kansas as a state until 1861.
 RussiaKazakhs banned from having slaves, although slavery persists in some areas through the rest of the century.[101]
1860United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British RajIndian indenture system abolished.
 United StatesLast slave ship to unload illegally on U.S. territory, the Clotilda.
1861 RussiaThe Emancipation reform of 1861 abolishes serfdom.[102]
 United StatesThe election of Abraham Lincoln leads to the attempted secession of several slaveholding states and the American Civil War.
1862 United States
 United Kingdom
Bilateral treaty abolishing the slave trade (African Slave Trade Treaty Act).[76]
Spain CubaSlave trade abolished.[47]
 United StatesNathaniel Gordon becomes the only person hanged in U.S. history "for being engaged in the slave trade".
1863 NetherlandsSlavery abolished in the colonies, emancipating 33,000 slaves in Surinam, 12,000 in the Dutch Antilles,[103] and an indeterminate number in Indonesia.
 United StatesLincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in Confederate-controlled areas. Most slaves in "border states" are freed by state action, and a separate law frees the slaves in Washington, D.C.
1864 PolandSerfdom abolished.[104]
1865 United StatesSlavery abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, excluding convicted criminals. It affects 40,000 remaining slaves.[105]
 SpainSpanish Abolitionist Society founded in Madrid by Julio Vizcarrondo, José Julián Acosta and Joaquín Sanromá.[43]
1866United States Indian TerritorySlavery abolished.[106] The United States government treaties with the Cherokee Nation, Choctaw Nation, Chickasaw Nation, Muscogee Nation and Seminole Nation required all 5 nations abolish slavery for their governments to be recognized by the Union government post 1865.
1867 SpainLaw of Repression and Punishment of the Slave Trade.[43]
 United StatesPeonage Act of 1867, mostly targeting use of Native American peons in New Mexico Territory. Slavery among natives tribes in Alaska was abolished after the purchase from Russia in 1867.[107]
1868Spain CubaCarlos Manuel de Céspedes and other independence leaders free their slaves and proclaim the independence of Cuba, starting the Ten Years War.
1869 PortugalLouis I abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories and colonies.
1870 SpainAmidst great opposition from the Cuban and Puerto Rican planters, Segismundo Moret drafts a "Law of Free Wombs" that frees the children of slaves, the slaves older than 65 years and the slaves serving in the Spanish Army, beginning in 1872.[43]
1871Empire of Brazil BrazilRio Branco Law (Law of Free Birth) makes the children born to slave mothers free.[108]
 Ottoman EmpireSlave trade criminalized.
1873 Puerto RicoSlavery abolished.
 United Kingdom
Zanzibar
Madagascar
Triple treaty abolishing the slave trade.[76]
1874 Gold CoastSlavery abolished.[109]
1879Bulgaria BulgariaSlavery abolished with independence. The Constitution states that any slave that enters Bulgarian territory is immediately freed.
1882 Ottoman EmpireA firman emancipates all slaves, white and black.[110]
1884 CambodiaSlavery abolished.
1885Empire of Brazil BrazilSexagenarians Law (a.k.a. Saraiva-Cotegipe Act) passed, freeing all slaves over the age of 60 and creating other measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, such as a Manumissions Fund administered by the State.
1886Spain CubaSlavery abolished.[47]
1888Empire of Brazil BrazilGolden Law decreeing the total abolition of slavery with immediate effect, without indemnities to slave owners, but the financial aid to the freedmen planned by the monarchy never takes place due to a military coup that establishes a Republic in the country.[111]
1889Kingdom of Italy ItalyAn Italian court finds that Josephine Bakhita was never legally enslaved according to Italian, British or Egyptian law and is a free woman.
1890 United Kingdom
 France
Germany Germany
 Portugal
Congo Free State Congo
Kingdom of Italy Italy
 Spain
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Russia
 Austria-Hungary
Sweden-Norway
 Denmark
 United States
 Ottoman Empire
Zanzibar
Persia
Brussels Conference Act – a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea, especially in the Congo Basin, the Ottoman Empire, and the East African coast.
1894Korean Empire KoreaSlavery abolished, but it survives in practice until 1930.[112]
1895 EgyptSlavery abolished.[113]
1896 MadagascarSlavery abolished.
1897 ZanzibarSlavery abolished.[114]
Thailand SiamSlave trade abolished.[115]
Ottoman Empire BassoraChildren of freedmen issued separate certificates of liberation to avoid enslavement and separation from their parents.
1899France NdzuwaniSlavery abolished.

1900–1949

Date Jurisdiction Description
1900United States GuamSlavery abolished February 22, 1900, by proclamation of Richard P. Leary.[116]
1902Ethiopian Empire EthiopiaSlavery abolished.
1903 French Sudan"Slave" no longer used as an administrative category.
1904 United Kingdom
 Germany
 Denmark
 Spain
 France
Kingdom of Italy Italy
 Netherlands
 Portugal
 Russia
International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic signed in Paris. Only France, the Netherlands and Russia extend the treaty to the whole extent of their colonial empires with immediate effect, and Italy extends it to Eritrea but not to Italian Somaliland.[117]
1905 French West AfricaSlavery formally abolished. Though up to one million slaves gain their freedom, slavery continues to exist in practice for decades afterward.
1906 Qing DynastySlavery abolished beginning in 31 January 1910. Adult slaves are converted into hired laborers and the minors freed upon reaching age 25.[118]
1908 Ottoman EmpireThe Young Turk Revolution eradicates the open trade of Zanj and Circassian women from Constantinople.[119]
1912Thailand SiamSlavery abolished.[115]
1922 MoroccoSlavery abolished.[120]
1923 AfghanistanSlavery abolished.[121]
 FloridaConvict lease abolished after the death of Martin Tabert, who was whipped for being too ill to work.
1924Kingdom of Iraq IraqSlavery abolished.
 League of NationsTemporary Slavery Commission appointed.
1926   NepalSlavery abolished.
 League of NationsConvention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery.
1927 Spain1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
 United Kingdom
Nejd Nejd
Hejaz
Treaty of Jeddah (1927) abolishing the slave trade.
1928 Sierra LeoneAbolition of domestic slavery practised by local African elites.[122] Although established as a place for freed slaves, a study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.
 AlabamaConvict lease abolished, the last state in the Union to do so.
1929 PersiaSlavery abolished and criminalized.[123]
1930 League of NationsForced Labour Convention.
1935Ethiopian Empire EthiopiaThe invading Italian General Emilio De Bono claims to have abolished slavery in the Ethiopian Empire.[124]
 United StatesCudjoe Lewis, the last survivor of the Clotilda and last surviving African slave imported to the United States, dies in Mobile, Alabama.
1936 Northern NigeriaSlavery abolished.[125]
1941 United StatesFranklin D. Roosevelt signs Circular 3591 abolishing all forms of convict leasing.
1946 Occupied GermanyFritz Sauckel, Nazi official responsible for procuring forced labor in occupied Europe during World War II, is convicted of crimes against humanity and hanged.[126]
 French SudanBeginning of large slave defections encouraged by the French Fourth Republic and the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally party.
1948 United NationsArticle 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares slavery contrary to human rights.[127]

1950–present

Date Jurisdiction Description
1952 QatarSlavery abolished.[128]
1953 Australia
 Canada
 Liberia
 New Zealand
 South Africa
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1954 Afghanistan
 Austria
 Cuba
 Denmark
 Egypt
 Finland
 India
 Italy
 Mexico
 Monaco
 Sweden
 Syria
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1955 Ecuador
Kingdom of Greece Greece
Kingdom of Iraq Iraq
 Israel
 Netherlands
 Pakistan
 Philippines
 Republic of China
 Turkey
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1956 United NationsSupplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery.
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Byelorussia[129]
 Soviet Union
United States United States
 South Vietnam
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1957 United NationsThe Abolition of Forced Labour Convention eliminates some exceptions admitted in the 1930 Forced Labour Convention.
 Albania
 Libya
 Myanmar
 Norway
 Romania
 Sudan
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1958 BhutanSlavery abolished.
 Hungary
 Ceylon
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1959 Jordan
 Morocco
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Ukraine[130]
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1960 NigerSlavery abolished.[131]
 MaliFirst president Modibo Keita makes the effective abolition of slavery a prominent goal of the government. However, his efforts are largely abandoned during the dictatorship of Moussa Traoré (1968–1991).
1961 Ireland
 Nigeria
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1962 Saudi ArabiaSlavery abolished.[128]
 North YemenSlavery abolished.[128]
 Belgium
 Sierra Leone
 Tanganyika
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1963 Algeria
 France
 Guinea
 Kuwait
   Nepal
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1964 Trucial StatesSlavery abolished.
 Jamaica
 Madagascar
 Niger
 Uganda
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1965 Malawi1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1966 Brazil
 Malta
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Tunisia
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1968 Mongolia1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1969Ethiopian Empire Ethiopia
 Mauritius
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1970 OmanSlavery abolished.[132]
1972 Fiji1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1973 West Germany
 Mali
 Saudi Arabia
 Zambia
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1974 Lesotho1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1976 Bahamas
 Barbados
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1981 MauritaniaSlavery abolished.[133][134][135]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Solomon Islands
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1982 Papua New Guinea1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1983 Bolivia
 Guatemala
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1984 Cameroon1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1985 Bangladesh1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1986 Cyprus
 Mauritania
 Nicaragua
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1987 North Yemen1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1990 Bahrain
 Saint Lucia
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1992 Croatia1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1993 Bosnia and Herzegovina1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1994 Dominica1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1995 Chile1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1996 Azerbaijan1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1997 Kyrgyzstan
 Turkmenistan
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
1998 GhanaForced ritual servitude of girls in Ewe shrines banned.
2001 Serbia and Montenegro
 Uruguay
1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2003 NigerSlavery criminalized.[131]
2006 Montenegro1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
 MaliTemedt, an organization against slavery and the discrimination of former slaves, is founded in Essakane.
2007 MauritaniaSlavery criminalized.[136]
 Paraguay1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2008 Kazakhstan1926 Slavery Convention ratified.
2009 United KingdomSection 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[137]
2015 United KingdomModern Slavery Act 2015.[138]
2017 Navajo NationCriminalization of Human Trafficking[139]
PresentWorldwideAlthough slavery is now abolished de jure in all countries,[140][141] de facto practices akin to it continue today in many places throughout the world.[142][143][144][145]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Bales, Kevin. "Disposable People" (University of California Press, 2012)
  • Campbell, Gwyn. The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Frank Cass, 2004)
  • Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
  • Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (2 vol 1998)
  • Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)
  • Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
  • Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge UP, 1983)
  • Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World (2007)
  • Psychiatric Slavery by psychiatrist Thomas Szasz
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