Tc1/mariner

Tc1/mariner is a class of interspersed repeats DNA transposons.[1] The elements of this class are found in all animals,[2] including humans. They can also be found in protists.[3]

The class is named after its two best-studied members, the Tc1 transposon of Caenorhabditis elegans and the mariner transposon of Drosophila.

Sub-groups

Tc1

Tc1 is a transposon active in Caenorhabditis elegans.[4][5] There are also Tc1-like transposons in humans, all inactive. Tc1-like elements are present in other lower vertebrates, including several fish species and amphibians.[6]

In C. elegans, it is a 1610 base-pair long sequence.[7] Experiments show that this element "jumps" in human cells, with its transposase as the only protein required.[8]

Another example of this family is Tc3, also a transposon found in C. elegans.[9]

Mariner

Mariner-like elements are found in multiple species, including humans.[10][11] The Mariner transposon was first discovered by Jacobson and Hartl in Drosophila in 1986.[12] This Class II transposable element is known for its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species.[13][14] There are an estimated 14,000 copies of Mariner in the human genome comprising 2.6 million base pairs.[15] The first mariner-element transposons outside of animals were found in Trichomonas vaginalis.[16]

Other

Mos1 (for Mosaic element) was discovered in Drosophila mauritiana.[17] The Himar1 element has been isolated from the horn fly, Haematobia irritans and can be used as a genetic tool in Escherichia coli.[18]

Trivia

The characteristics of the Mariner transposon inspired the science fiction novel The Mariner Project by Bob Marr.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Plasterk, Ronald H.A; Izsvák, Zsuzsanna; Ivics, Zoltán (1999). "Resident aliens: The Tc1/mariner superfamily of transposable elements". Trends in Genetics. 15 (8): 326. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01777-1. PMID 10431195.
  2. ↑ The Tc1-mariner superfamily of transposons in animals. H.M. Robertson, J. Insect Physiol., 41 (1995), pages 99–105
  3. ↑ Bradic, Martina; Warring, Sally D; Low, Vivien; Carlton, Jane M (2014). "The Tc1/mariner transposable element family shapes genetic variation and gene expression in the protist Trichomonas vaginalis". Mobile DNA. 5: 12. doi:10.1186/1759-8753-5-12. PMC 4021607. PMID 24834134.
  4. ↑ Babity, J. M.; Starr, T. V.; Rose, A. M. (1990). "Tc1 transposition and mutator activity in a Bristol strain of Caenorhabditis elegans". Molecular & general genetics : MGG. 222 (1): 65–70. PMID 1978238.
  5. ↑ Harris, L. J.; Rose, A. M. (1989). "Structural analysis of Tc1 elements in Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol (strain N2)". Plasmid. 22 (1): 10–21. PMID 2550981.
  6. ↑ Goodier, John L.; Davidson, William S. (1994). "Tc1 Transposon-like Sequences are Widely Distributed in Salmonids". Journal of Molecular Biology. 241 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1470. PMID 8051704.
  7. ↑ Rosenzweig, B; Liao, L. W.; Hirsh, D (1983). "Sequence of the C. Elegans transposable element Tc1". Nucleic Acids Research. 11 (12): 4201–4209. PMC 326035.
  8. ↑ Schouten, G. J.; Van Luenen, H. G. A. M.; Verra, N. C. V.; Valerio, D.; Plasterk, R. H. A. (1998). "Transposon Tc1 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans jumps in human cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (12): 3013. doi:10.1093/nar/26.12.3013. PMID 9611249.
  9. ↑ Vanluenen, H; Colloms, S; Plasterk, R (1994). "The mechanism of transposition of Tc3 in C. Elegans". Cell. 79 (2): 293. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90198-8. PMID 7954797.
  10. ↑ Oosumi, T; Belknap, WR; Garlick, B (14 December 1995). "Mariner transposons in humans". Nature. 378 (6558): 672. doi:10.1038/378672a0. PMID 7501013.
  11. ↑ Reiter, L. T.; Liehr, T; Rautenstrauss, B; Robertson, H. M.; Lupski, J. R. (1999). "Localization of mariner DNA Transposons in the Human Genome by PRINS". Genome Research. 9 (9): 839–843. PMC 310809.
  12. ↑ Jacobson JW, Medhora MM, Hartl DL (November 1986). "Molecular structure of a somatically unstable transposable element in Drosophila". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (22): 8684–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8684. PMC 386995. PMID 3022302.
  13. ↑ Lohe AR, Moriyama EN, Lidholm DA, Hartl DL (January 1995). "Horizontal transmission, vertical inactivation, and stochastic loss of mariner-like transposable elements". Mol. Biol. Evol. 12 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040191. PMID 7877497.
  14. ↑ Lampe DJ, Witherspoon DJ, Soto-Adames FN, Robertson HM (April 2003). "Recent horizontal transfer of mellifera subfamily mariner transposons into insect lineages representing four different orders shows that selection acts only during horizontal transfer". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (4): 554–62. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg069. PMID 12654937.
  15. ↑ Mandal PK, Kazazian HH (October 2008). "SnapShot: Vertebrate transposons". Cell. 135 (1): 192–192.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.028. PMID 18854165.
  16. ↑ Carlton JM, Hirt RP, Silva JC, et al. (January 2007). "Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis". Science. 315 (5809): 207–12. doi:10.1126/science.1132894. PMC 2080659. PMID 17218520.
  17. ↑ Hartl, D (2001). "Discovery of the transposable element mariner". Genetics. 157 (2): 471–476. PMC 1461507.
  18. ↑ Lampe, D. J.; Akerley, B. J.; Rubin, E. J.; Mekalanos, J. J.; Robertson, H. M. (1999). "Hyperactive transposase mutants of the Himar1 mariner transposon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (20): 11428. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11428. PMC 18050.
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