Sophia Palaiologina

Zoe Palaiologina
Grand Princess consort of Moscow
Reconstruction by Sergey Nikitin, 1994.
Tenure 12 November 1472 – 7 April 1503
Born 1440/49
Died 7 April 1503
Burial Ascension Convent, Kolomenskoye
Archangel Cathedral, Kremlin (1929)
Spouse Ivan III of Russia
Issue
  • Vasili Ivanovich
  • Yuri Ivanovich
  • Dmitri Ivanovich
  • Simeon Ivanovich
  • Andrei Ivanovich
  • Elena Ivanovna
  • Feodosiya Ivanovna
  • Eudoxia Ivanovna
House Palaiologos
Father Thomas Palaeologus
Mother Catherine Zaccaria
Religion Eastern Orthodox

Zoe Palaiologina (Greek: Ζωή Παλαιολογίνα), who later changed her name to Sophia Palaiologina (Russian: София Фоминична Палеолог; ca. 1440/49[1] – 7 April 1503), was a Byzantine princess, member of the Imperial Palaiologos family by marriage, Grand Princess of Moscow as the second wife of Grand Prince Ivan III. Through her eldest son Vasili III, she was also the grandmother of Ivan the Terrible, the first Tsar of All Russia.

Biography

Family

Zoe's father was Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of Morea and younger brother of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos. Her mother was Catherine, the only legitimate daughter and heiress of Centurione II Zaccaria, the last independent Prince of Achaea and Baron of Arcadia.

The marriage between Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccaria produced four children: Helena, later wife of Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, Zoe, Andreas, and Manuel.

In Italy

The fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 was a turning point in Zoe's fate. Seven years later, in 1460, the Ottoman army attacked Morea and quickly breached the Hexamilion wall across the Isthmus of Corinth, which was too long to be effectively manned and defended by Thomas' forces. Thomas and his family escaped to Corfu and, then to Rome, where (already recognized as the legitimate heir to the Byzantine Empire by the Pope) he made a ceremonial entrance as Byzantine Emperor on 7 March 1461. Catherine, who remained in Corfu with her children, died there on 16 August 1462.

Zoe and her brothers remained in Corfu until 1465, when their dying father recalled them to Rome. Thomas Palaiologos died on 12 May 1465.[2]

Adopted by the Papacy after her father's death together with her brothers, her Greek name Zoe was changed to Sophia. Born into the Orthodox religion, it's possible that she was raised as a Catholic in Rome.[1] She spent the next years in the court of Pope Sixtus IV.

The care of the Imperial children was assigned to a famous scientist, Greek Cardinal Basilios Bessarion. Surviving letters of the Cardinal show the Pope followed the evolution and welfare of Sophia and her brothers: they received the amount of 3,600 crowns (in payments of 200 crowns per month for their clothes, horses and servants, and an additional 100 crowns for the maintenance of a modest household, which included a doctor, a Latin teacher, a Greek teacher, a translator, and one or two priests).

After the death of Thomas Palaeologus, his eldest son Andreas became the de jure Byzantine Emperor but sold his rights to several European monarchs and finally died in poverty. During the reign of Bayezid II, Manuel returned to Constantinople (now Istanbul) and remained at the mercy of the Sultan; according to some sources, he converted to Islam, raised a family and served in the Turkish Navy.

In 1466 the Venetian Republic invited King James II of Cyprus to ask for the hand of Sophia in marriage, but he refused. Around 1467, Pope Paul II offered Sophia's hand to a Prince Caracciolo. They were solemnly betrothed, but the marriage never took place.

Marriage

Maria of Tver, the first wife of Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow, died in 1467. This marriage only produced a son, Ivan the Young, born in 1458.

The marriage between Sophia and Ivan III was proposed by Pope Paul II in 1469, probably with the hope of strengthening the influence of the Catholic Church in Russia, or the unification of the Orthodox and Catholic as was stipulated in the Council of Florence. Ivan III's motives for pursuing this union were probably connected with the status and rights of the Greek princess over Constantinople. The idea of this marriage perhaps was born in the mind of Cardinal Bessarion.

The negotiations lasted for three years. Russian chronicles related the events as follows:

Ivan Fryazin showed to Ivan III the portrait of Sophia Palaiologina, by Viktor Muizhel.
  • On 11 February 1469 a delegation led by Cardinal Bessarion arrived in Moscow with the formal proposal of marriage between Sophia and the Grand Prince. Ivan III consulted his mother Maria of Borovsk, the Metropolitan Philip and his boyars, and received a positive decision.
  • In 1469 Ivan Fryazin (Gian-Battista della Volpe) was sent to the Roman court to make the proper negotiations for the match. According to the chronicles, he was sent back to Moscow with a portrait of the princess, who "caused an extreme surprise in the court" (This portrait wasn't preserved, which is very unfortunate, because surely it was painted by one of the painters at the papal service at that time, like Pietro Perugino, Melozzo da Forlì or Pedro Berruguete). The Pope received the Russian Ambassador with great honors.
  • On 16 January 1472 Fryazin was sent again to Rome, this time with the purpose to bring the bride of his master. He arrived there on 23 May.
  • On 1 June 1472 at St. Peter's Basilica was performed the marriage by proxy; in representation of Grand Prince Ivan III was Fryazin. Among the guests in the ceremony was Clarice Orsini (wife of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of Florence) and Queen Catherine of Bosnia.[3] As a dowry, Sophia received the amount of 6,000 ducats.
  • On 24 June 1472 Sophia and Fryazin, with a grand entourage, left Rome. The bride was accompanied by Cardinal Bessarion, who probably could act as an agent in the Moscow court. Legend says that a part of Sophia's dowry were books that became the basis of the famous library of Ivan the Terrible. Their travel itinerary was as follows: to the north of Italy through Germany to the port of Lübeck, where they arrived on September 1. The voyage across the Baltic Sea took 11 days. The ship landed in Reval (now Tallinn) in October 1472 where she continued the trip for Dorpat now Tartu), Pskov (where she was officially celebrated —it was noticed that she thanked the public herself for the celebrations[1]) and Novgorod. On 12 November 1472 Sophia finally arrived to Moscow.

Even while traveling to Russian lands, it became apparent that the Vatican plans to make Sophia represent Catholicism failed, as was soon demonstrated when immediately after her wedding she returned to the faith of her ancestors. Papal Legate Anthony was unable to enter Moscow, carrying in front of him the Latin cross (Korsun cross).[4]

The formal wedding between Ivan III and Sophia took place at the Dormition Cathedral in Moscow on 12 November 1472. The ceremony was performed by Metropolitan Philip, although other sources state that was done by Hosea, Abbot of Kolomna.[5][6]

Special mansions and gardens were built for her in Moscow, but in 1493 they were burned, and during the fire much of the treasure of the Grand Princess was lost. In 1472, she was affected by the formal tributary gesture by which her spouse greeted the Mongolian representatives, and is believed to have convinced him to abandon the tributary relationship to the Mongols, which was completed in 1480.[1]

Sophia was apparently not obliged to follow the custom of traditional isolation which was expected of other Russian noble and royal women at the time; it is noted that she was not confined to the women's quarters, but greeted foreign representatives from Europe similarly as the queens of Western Europe.[1]

Before the invasion of Akhmad in 1480, Sophia, her children, household and treasury were sent firstly to Dmitrov and then on Belozersk; in the case, that Akhmad would finally take Moscow, she was advised to flee further north to the sea. These precautions led Vissarion, Bishop of Rostov, to warn the Grand Duke that the excessive attachment to his wife and children would be his destruction.[7]

The family returned to Moscow only in the winter. The Venetian ambassador Ambrogio Contarini says that in 1476 he had an audience with the Grand Duchess, who received him politely and kindly and respectfully asked about the Doge.

There is a legend associated with the birth of Sophia's eldest son, the future Vasily III: that during one of her pious trips to Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, the Grand Princess had a vision of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, who "presented her the long-waited son between his arms"

Dynastic problems and rivalry

Over time, the second marriage of the Grand Prince was one of the main sources of tension in the court, thanks to the "shrewd" character of the new Grand Princess,[1] and for the increased rumours that her husband let himself be directed by her suggestions.[1] It's thought that Sophia introduced grand Byzantine ceremonies and meticulous court etiquette in the Kremlin, the idea of Moscow as a Third Rome evidently pleasing her.

Soon, two parties emerged into the court nobility, one of which supported the heir to the throne, Ivan the Young, and the second, who sided with Sophia. In 1476 the Venetian Ambrogio Contarini noted that the heir to the throne had lost the favor of his father, thanks to the intrigues of the Despina (title given to Sophia after her father); however, if any tension existed between father and son, this didn't exclude him from his rights, as from 1477 Ivan the Young was officially referred to as the co-ruler of Ivan III.

In subsequent years,the princely family increased significantly: between 1474 and 1490 the Grand Princess gave birth to eleven children, five sons and six daughters.

Another source of tension in the Russian court appeared in January 1483, when Ivan the Young married. His wife was Ilincu, daughter of Stephen III the Great, Prince of Moldavia, who after her marriage took the name of Elena. The new wife of the heir soon became involved in court intrigues, especially when on 10 October 1483 she gave birth to a son, Dmitry. After the annexation of Tver in 1485, Ivan the Young was appointed Grand Prince of this domain by his father; thus, during all the 1480s Ivan's position as the rightful heir was quite secure.

The position of Sophia's supporters was less secure at that time. In particular, the Grand Princess was unable to obtain government posts for her relatives: her brother Andreas departed from Moscow with nothing, and her niece Maria (wife of Vasily Mikhailovich, Hereditary Prince of Verey-Belozersky) was forced to flee to Lithuania with her husband, an event which further undermined Sophia's position at court. According to sources, Sophia arranged the marriage of her niece with Prince Vasily in 1480, and in 1483 she gave some jewelry which belonged to Ivan III's first wife. When Ivan the Young asked for these jewels (he wanted to give them to his wife Elena as a gift), he discovered them missing; outraged, he ordered a search. Prince Vasily didn't wait for the expected punishment to be carried out against him, instead fleeing to Lithuania with his wife. One direct consequence of this episode was that Prince Michael of Verey-Belozersky, Vasily's father, bequeathed his domains to the Grand Prince after his death, effectively disinheriting his son.[8][9] Only in 1493 was Sophia able to obtain a pardon for her niece and her husband, but for unknown reasons they never returned.

By 1490, new circumstances were coming into play. Ivan the Young became ill with gout. Sophia then wrote to a Venetian doctor called Leon, who arrogantly promised Ivan III he could cure the heir to the throne. Nevertheless, all efforts were fruitless, and on 7 March 1490 Ivan the Young died. The doctor was executed,[10] and in Moscow, rumors about Sophia began, alleging she poisoned the heir; according to Andrey Kurbsky, who wrote about these events almost 100 years later, these rumors were indisputable facts. Modern historians, however, consider the hypothesis that Sophia poisoned Ivan the Young as unverifiable due to lack of sources.

In 1497, Sophia and her eldest son Vasili were allegedly involved in a plot to kill Prince Dmitry, son of Ivan the Young. Both were disgraced and probably banished from court.[11]

On 4 February 1498 at the Dormition Cathedral in an atmosphere of great splendor, Prince Dmitry was crowned Grand Prince and co-ruler with his grandfather. Sophia and her son Vasili were not invited to the coronation; only in mid-1499 were they restored to favor and allowed to return to court.

On 11 April 1502 the dynastic struggle came to an end. According to chronicles, Ivan III suddenly changed his mind and imprisoned both Grand Prince Dmitry and his mother Elena, placing them under house arrest surrounded by guards. Three days later, on 14 April Vasili was crowned the new Grand Prince and co-ruler; soon Dmitry and his mother were transferred from house arrest to prison. Thus the winner of the dynastic conflict was Vasili. The downfall of Dmitry and Elena also determined the fate of the Moscow-Novgorod Reformation movement in the Orthodox Church: a council in 1503 finally defeated it, and many prominent and progressive leaders of this movement were executed. Elena of Moldavia died in prison on 18 January 1505. Her son Dmitry died a few years later on 14 February 1509, either by hunger and cold, or, as others claim, suffocated by orders of his uncle.[12]

Death

Destruction of Sophia Palaiologina grave in 1929.

The triumph of her son was the last important event in Sophia's life. She died on 7 April 1503, two years before her husband (who died on 27 October 1505).

She was buried in a massive white stone sarcophagus in the crypt of the Ascension Convent in the Kremlin next to the grave of Maria of Tver, the first wife of Ivan III. On the lid of the sarcophagus with a sharp instrument was scratched the word "Sophia".

The Ascension Convent was destroyed in 1929, and the remains of Sophia, as well as other royal women, were transferred to the underground chamber in the southern extension of the Cathedral of the Archangel.

Issue

  • Elena (18 April 1474 – 9 May 1476).
  • Feodosia (May 1475 – young).
  • Elena (19 May 1476 – 20 January 1513), married Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
  • Vasili (26 March 1479 – 3 December 1533), became Grand Prince of Moscow.
  • Yuri (23 March 1480 – 3 August 1536), Prince of Dmitrov, died of starvation in prison.
  • Dmitri (6 October 1481 – 14 February 1521), Prince of Uglich.
  • Eudokia (February 1483 – 8 February 1513), married Khudakul, Kazan Tsar of the Tartars (baptized as Peter).
  • Elena (8 April 1484 – young).
  • Feodosia (29 May 1485 – 19 February 1501), married Vasili, Prince of Kholm.
  • Simeon (21 March 1487 – 26 June 1518), Prince of Kaluga, fled to Lithuania after being accused of treason.
  • Andrei (5 August 1490 – 11 December 1537), Prince of Staritza, killed in prison.

Ancestors

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 de Madariaga, Isabel (2008), Ivan den förskräcklige [Ivan the Terrible] (in Swedish) .
  2. ↑ Steven Runciman: The Fall of Constantinople (London: Cambridge, 1969), p. 182.
  3. ↑ William Miller: Essays on the Latin Orient, 1921, pp. 508–509. [retrieved 25 February 2015].
  4. ↑ C. Nikitin: Portrait of Sophia Palaeologus. "Science and Life" (in Russian) [retrieved 25 February 2015].
  5. ↑ Fryazy and Greeks with Princess Sophia of Rome (in Russian) [retrieved 25 February 2015].
  6. ↑ Sophia Palaeologus - Greek princess on the Russian throne (in Russian) [retrieved 25 February 2015].
  7. ↑ Независимый летописный свод 80-х гг. XV в.
  8. ↑ AA Zimin Revived Russia (in Russian) [retrieved 26 February 2015].
  9. ↑ Skrynnikov RG Ivan III, p. 192.
  10. ↑ J. L. I. Fennell: The Dynastic Crisis 1497-1502, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 39, No. 92 (Dec., 1960).
  11. ↑ J. Martin: Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge University Press), 1999, p. 247.
  12. ↑ Sigismund von Herberstein: Notes on Muscovite Affairs (1549), edition 1986, p. 45.
Sophia Palaiologina
Palaiologos dynasty
Born: c. 1440/49 Died: 7 April 1503
Russian royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Maria of Tver		 Grand Princess consort of Muscovy
1472–1503		 Vacant
Title next held by
Solomonia Saburova

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