Slovenia at the Olympics

Slovenia at the
Olympics
IOC code SLO
NOC Slovenian Olympic Committee
Website www.olympic.si (in Slovene) (in English)
Medals
Gold
7
Silver
13
Bronze
20
Total
40
Summer appearances
Winter appearances
Other related appearances
 Austria (1912)
 Yugoslavia (1920–1988)

Slovenia first participated as an independent nation at the Olympic Games at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, and the country has sent athletes to compete at every Games since then.[1] The Slovenian Olympic Committee was established in 1991 and was recognised by the International Olympic Committee on 5 February 1992.[2]

Slovenian athletes first competed at the Olympics in Stockholm, at the 1912 Summer Olympics, as part of the Austrian team. There, Rudolf Cvetko became the first Slovene to win an Olympic medal, a silver in the men's team sabre.[3] Then, until Slovenia's independence, they competed as part of Yugoslavia. Before the Second World War, all of the Olympic medals for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were won by Slovene gymnasts (with the exception of Croatian Dragutin Ciotti who was a member of the bronze medal winning men's gymnastics all-around team at the 1928 Summer Olympics).[4] Leon Štukelj was the most prominent pre-war athlete, winning three gold, one silver, and two bronze medals, and he is still the most decorated Slovenian Olympian.[5] Among post-war Olympians, Miroslav Cerar won two gold and one bronze medals, also in gymnastics. All of Yugoslavia's Winter Olympic medals (three silver and one bronze) were won by Slovenians with the first being the silver medal of Jure Franko in alpine skiing, won at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, when Yugoslavia hosted the Games.

Athletes representing Slovenia have won a total of 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 17 at the Winter Olympic Games.[1] Slovenia's most successful Summer Olympics as of 2016 have been the 2000 Summer Olympics where they won two gold medals and the 2008 Summer Olympics where they won five medals overall, including one gold. The most successful winter games were the 2014 Winter Olympics, where Slovenian athletes won a record eight medals, including two gold. Tina Maze (alpine skiing) and Iztok Čop (rowing) are the most decorated post-independence Slovenian Olympians, with four medals each. The shooter Rajmond Debevec has competed at the Olympics eight times as of 2016. He competed between 1984 and 2012, representing Yugoslavia for his first two appearances.[6] Track and field athlete Merlene Ottey competed at the Olympics seven times between 1980 and 2004. In her first six appearances, she was representing Jamaica, for whom she won nine medals, the seventh time she represented Slovenia.[7] Debevec is the oldest medallist and the oldest Slovenian participant at the Olympics, having won his last medal at the age of 49 in 2012. The youngest participant from Slovenia was Nastja Govejšek, a swimmer, who was 15 at the 2012 games.[1] The youngest Olympic medallist for Slovenia has been alpine skier Alenka Dovžan, who was 18 years old when she competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics.[8] Slovenian athletes have won medals in seven sports at the Summer and in five sports at the Winter Games. The most successful sport for Slovenia at the Summer Olympics is judo with five medals (two gold) while the most successful sport at the Winter Olympics is alpine skiing with seven medals (two gold). In team sports, the national teams have participated three times in handball and twice in ice hockey.[9][10][11] With a population of just above 2 million, Slovenia often finds itself among countries with the highest medal-per-capita rankings.[12][13][14][15]

Medal tables

List of medalists

Summer Olympics

Rajmond Debevec competed at the Olympics eight times and won three medals, including one gold.
Medal Name Games Sport Event
 Bronze Iztok Čop
Denis Žvegelj		Spain 1992 Barcelona RowingMen's coxless pair[16]
 Bronze Milan Janša
Janez Klemenčič
Sašo Mirjanič
Sadik Mujkić		Spain 1992 Barcelona RowingMen's coxless four[17]
 Silver Brigita BukovecUnited States 1996 Atlanta AthleticsWomen's 100 metre hurdles[18]
 Silver Andraž VehovarUnited States 1996 Atlanta CanoeingMen's K-1 slalom[19]
 Gold Iztok Čop
Luka Špik		Australia 2000 Sydney RowingMen's double sculls[20]
 Gold Rajmond DebevecAustralia 2000 Sydney ShootingMen's 50 metre rifle 3 positions[21]
 Silver Iztok Čop
Luka Špik		Greece 2004 Athens RowingMen's double sculls[22]
 Bronze Jolanda ČeplakGreece 2004 Athens AthleticsWomen's 800 metres[23]
 Bronze Urška ŽolnirGreece 2004 Athens JudoWomen's half-middleweight[24]
 Bronze Vasilij ŽbogarGreece 2004 Athens SailingMen's Laser class[25]
 Gold Primož KozmusChina 2008 Beijing AthleticsMen's hammer throw[26]
 Silver Vasilij ŽbogarChina 2008 Beijing SailingMen's laser class[27]
 Silver Sara IsakovićChina 2008 Beijing SwimmingWomen's 200 metre freestyle[28]
 Bronze Lucija PolavderChina 2008 Beijing JudoWomen's half-heavyweight[29]
 Bronze Rajmond DebevecChina 2008 Beijing ShootingMen's 50 m rifle three positions[30]
 Gold Urška ŽolnirUnited Kingdom 2012 London JudoWomen's half-middleweight[31]
 Silver Primož KozmusUnited Kingdom 2012 London AthleticsMen's hammer throw[32]
 Bronze Iztok Čop
Luka Špik		United Kingdom 2012 London RowingMen's double sculls[33]
 Bronze Rajmond DebevecUnited Kingdom 2012 London ShootingMen's 50 m rifle prone[34]
 Gold Tina TrstenjakBrazil 2016 Rio de Janeiro JudoWomen's half-middleweight[35]
 Silver Peter KauzerBrazil 2016 Rio de Janeiro CanoeingMen's slalom K-1[36]
 Silver Vasilij ŽbogarBrazil 2016 Rio de Janeiro SailingMen's Finn[37]
 Bronze Anamari VelenšekBrazil 2016 Rio de Janeiro JudoWomen's half-heavyweight[38]

Winter Olympics

Tina Maze won four Olympic medals, including two gold.
Medal Name Games Sport Event
 Bronze Alenka DovžanNorway 1994 Lillehammer Alpine skiingWomen's combined[39]
 Bronze Jure KoširNorway 1994 Lillehammer Alpine skiingMen's slalom[40]
 Bronze Katja KorenNorway 1994 Lillehammer Alpine skiingWomen's slalom[41]
 Bronze Damjan Fras
Robert Kranjec
Primož Peterka
Peter Žonta		United States 2002 Salt Lake City Ski jumpingMen's team (K120)[42]
 Silver Tina MazeCanada 2010 Vancouver Alpine skiingWomen's super-G[43]
 Silver Tina MazeCanada 2010 Vancouver Alpine skiingWomen's giant slalom[44]
 Bronze Petra MajdičCanada 2010 Vancouver Cross-country skiingWomen's sprint[45]
 Gold Tina MazeRussia 2014 Sochi Alpine skiingWomen's downhill[46]
 Gold Tina MazeRussia 2014 Sochi Alpine skiingWomen's giant slalom[47]
 Silver Peter PrevcRussia 2014 Sochi Ski jumpingMen's normal hill individual[48]
 Silver Žan KoširRussia 2014 Sochi SnowboardingMen's parallel slalom[49]
 Bronze Vesna FabjanRussia 2014 Sochi Cross-country skiingWomen's sprint[50]
 Bronze Teja GregorinRussia 2014 Sochi BiathlonWomen's pursuit[51]
 Bronze Peter PrevcRussia 2014 Sochi Ski jumpingMen's large hill individual[52]
 Bronze Žan KoširRussia 2014 Sochi SnowboardingMen's parallel giant slalom[53]
 Silver Jakov FakSouth Korea 2018 Pyeongchang BiathlonMen's individual[54]
 Bronze Žan KoširSouth Korea 2018 Pyeongchang SnowboardingMen's parallel giant slalom[55]

Multiple medal winners

Athlete Sex Sport Years Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
Tina Maze F Alpine skiing 2002–2014Winter2204
Iztok Čop M Rowing 1992–2012Summer1124
Luka Špik M Rowing 2000–2012Summer1113
Primož Kozmus M Athletics 2000–2012Summer1102
Rajmond Debevec M Shooting 1984–2012Summer1023
Urška Žolnir F Judo 2004–2012Summer1012
Vasilij Žbogar M Sailing 2000–2016Summer0213
Žan Košir M Snowboarding 2010–2018Winter0123
Peter Prevc M Ski jumping 2010–2018Winter0112

This list only contains Olympic medal winners for Slovenia as an independent country. Two medalists for Slovenia also won medals competing under different flags, Sadik Mujkić won a bronze at the 1988 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia, and Jakov Fak won a bronze at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Croatia.[56]

List of pre-independence Slovenian medalists

This list contains Olympic medals won by Slovenian athletes before Slovenia started to participate as an independent country in 1992.[57] The list includes both athletes who won individual medals and athletes who won medals as part of the team. Rudolf Cvetko won a medal as a member of Austrian team. All other athletes won medals for Yugoslavia, which corresponded to Kingdom of Yugoslavia for the Games from 1920 to 1936 and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1988. Stojna Vangelovska, a Macedonian basketball player who won silver with women's team at the 1988 Seoul Olympics,[57][58] and Vinko Jelovac, a basketball player born in Croatia who won silver with men's team at the 1976 Montreal Olympics,[59] are sometimes included to lists of Slovenian mealists.[57] Both spent important parts of their careers playing for Slovenian clubs. Vangelovska played at Ljubljana's ŽKD Ježica[60] and Jelovac at Ljubljana's KK Olimpija. Jelovac was also twice chosen as Slovenian Sportsman of the Year in the 1970s.[61] After the breakup of Yugoslavia, handball player Iztok Puc first played for the Croatian men's team, winning gold at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and later for Slovenian national team, thus becoming the only handball player to have represented three different teams at the Olympics.[62]

Summer Olympics

Leon Štukelj was the most prominent pre-independence Slovenian athlete, winning six Olympic medals, including three gold.
Medal Name Games Sport Event
 Silver Rudolf CvetkoSweden 1912 Stockholm FencingMen's team sabre[63]
 Gold Leon ŠtukeljFrance 1924 Paris GymnasticsMen's individual all-around[64]
 Gold Leon ŠtukeljFrance 1924 Paris GymnasticsMen's horizontal bar[65]
 Gold Leon ŠtukeljNetherlands 1928 Amsterdam GymnasticsMen's rings[66]
 Silver Josip PrimožičNetherlands 1928 Amsterdam GymnasticsMen's parallel bars[67]
 Bronze Leon ŠtukeljNetherlands 1928 Amsterdam GymnasticsMen's individual all-around[68]
 Bronze Stane DergancNetherlands 1928 Amsterdam GymnasticsMen's vault[69]
 Bronze Edvard Antosiewicz
Stane Derganc
Boris Gregorka
Anton Malej
Janez Porenta
Josip Primožič
Leon Štukelj		Netherlands 1928 Amsterdam GymnasticsMen's team[70]
 Silver Leon ŠtukeljGermany 1936 Berlin GymnasticsMen's rings[71]
 Gold Miroslav CerarJapan 1964 Tokyo GymnasticsMen's pommel horse[72]
 Bronze Miroslav CerarJapan 1964 Tokyo GymnasticsMen's horizontal bar[73]
 Gold Miroslav Cerar Mexico 1968 Mexico City GymnasticsMen's pommel horse[74]
 Silver Ivo Daneu
Aljoša Žorga		Mexico 1968 Mexico City BasketballMen's team[75]
 Gold Alenka CudermanUnited States 1984 Los Angeles HandballWomen's team[76]
 Gold Rolando PušnikUnited States 1984 Los Angeles HandballMen's team[77]
 Bronze Srečko Katanec
Marko Elsner		United States 1984 Los Angeles FootballMen's team[78]
 Silver Polona DornikSouth Korea 1988 Seoul BasketballWomen's team[79]
 Silver Jure ZdovcSouth Korea 1988 Seoul BasketballMen's team[80]
 Bronze Sadik Mujkić
Bojan Prešern		South Korea 1988 Seoul RowingMen's coxlees pair[81]
 Bronze Iztok Puc
Rolando Pušnik		South Korea 1988 Seoul HandballMen's team[82]

Winter Olympics

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 Silver Jure FrankoSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1984 Sarajevo Alpine skiingMen's giant slalom[83]
 Silver Matjaž Debelak
Miran Tepeš
Primož Ulaga
Matjaž Zupan		Canada 1988 Calgary Ski jumpingTeam large hill[84]
 Silver Mateja SvetCanada 1988 Calgary Alpine skiingWomen's slalom[85]
 Bronze Matjaž DebelakCanada 1988 Calgary Ski jumpingLarge hill individual[86]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "NOC Slovenia – history" (in Slovenian). NOC Slovenia. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  3. ↑ "Rudolf Cvetko – Sabljaška zveza Slovenije" (in Slovenian). Sabljaska-zveza.si. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  4. ↑ "Riječki olimpijci / Novi list" (in Croatian). Novilist.hr. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  5. ↑ "Štukelj's Legacy Lives On | Government Communication Office". Ukom.gov.si. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
  6. ↑ "Rajmond Debevec Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports Reference. 1963-03-29. Archived from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  7. ↑ "Merlene Ottey-Page Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  8. ↑ "Alenka Dovžan Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports Reference. 1976-02-11. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  9. ↑ "Rokometaši z visoko zmago dvignili vstopnico za Rio :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija" (in Slovenian). Rtvslo.si. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  10. ↑ "Slovenia Ice Hockey at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  11. ↑ "Nov mejnik slovenskega hokeja – izjemni risi drugič zapored na OI: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija" (in Slovenian). Rtvslo.si. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  12. ↑ "Olympic Medals per Capita". Medalspercapita.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  13. ↑ Ashley Kirk (2016-08-22). "Rio 2016 alternative medal table: How countries rank when we adjust for population and GDP". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  14. ↑ "Most Successful Countries of All-Time - Per Capita". Topendsports.com. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  15. ↑ "Olympic medals per capita - Rio 2016 and London 2012". Country Digest. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  16. ↑ "Rowing at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Men's Coxless Pairs". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  17. ↑ "Rowing at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Men's Coxless Fours | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  18. ↑ "Athletics at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Women's 100 metres Hurdles | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  19. ↑ "Canoeing at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Men's Kayak Singles, Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1996-07-28. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
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  21. ↑ "Shooting at the 2000 Sydney Summer Games: Men's Small-Bore Rifle, Three Positions, 50 metres | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2000-09-23. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
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  23. ↑ "Athletics at the 2004 Athina Summer Games: Women's 800 metres | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  24. ↑ "Judo at the 2004 Athina Summer Games: Women's Half-Middleweight | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2004-08-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  25. ↑ "Sailing at the 2004 Athina Summer Games: Mixed One Person Dinghy | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  26. ↑ "Athletics at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Men's Hammer Throw | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  27. ↑ "Sailing at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Men's One Person Dinghy | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  28. ↑ "Swimming at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Women's 200 metres Freestyle | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  29. ↑ "Judo at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Women's Heavyweight | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  30. ↑ "Shooting at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games: Men's Small-Bore Rifle, Three Positions, 50 metres | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
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  32. ↑ "Athletics at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Hammer Throw | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  33. ↑ "Rowing at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Double Sculls | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  34. ↑ "Shooting at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Small-Bore Rifle, Prone, 50 metres | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  35. ↑ "Women −63 kg". Rio2016.com. 2016-05-21. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  36. ↑ "Kayak (K1) Men". Rio2016.com. 2016-05-21. Archived from the original on 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  37. ↑ "Finn Men". Rio2016.com. 2016-05-21. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  38. ↑ "Women −78 kg". Rio2016.com. 2016-05-21. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
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  40. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1994-02-27. Archived from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  41. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Women's Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1994-02-26. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  42. ↑ "Ski Jumping at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Games: Men's Large Hill, Team | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2002-02-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  43. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games: Women's Super G | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  44. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  45. ↑ "Cross Country Skiing at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games: Women's Sprint | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  46. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Women's Downhill | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-12. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  47. ↑ "Alpine Skiing at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  48. ↑ "Ski Jumping at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Men's Normal Hill, Individual | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  49. ↑ "Snowboarding at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Men's Parallel Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  50. ↑ "Cross Country Skiing at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Women's Sprint | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  51. ↑ "Biathlon at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Women's 10 kilometres Pursuit | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  52. ↑ "Ski Jumping at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Men's Large Hill, Individual | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  53. ↑ "Snowboarding at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games: Men's Parallel Giant Slalom | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  54. ↑ Biathlon – Men's individual
  55. ↑ Snowboarding – Men's parallel giant slalom
  56. ↑ "Fak med peščico, ki je osvajala medalje za dve državi :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija". Rtvslo.si. 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
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  59. ↑ "Vinko Jelovac Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
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  61. ↑ "Vinko Jelovac: Hrvat ali Slovenec? Istran!" (in Slovenian). siol.net. 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
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  65. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1924 Paris Summer Games: Men's Horizontal Bar | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  66. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Rings | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  67. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Parallel Bars | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1928-08-09. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  68. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Individual All-Around | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  69. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Horse Vault | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1928-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  70. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Games: Men's Team All-Around | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  71. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games: Men's Rings | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  72. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games: Men's Pommelled Horse | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  73. ↑ "Gymnastics at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Games: Men's Horizontal Bar | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
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  76. ↑ "Handball at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games: Women's Handball | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  77. ↑ "Handball at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games: Men's Handball | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  78. ↑ "Football at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games: Men's Football | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  79. ↑ "Basketball at the 1988 Seoul Summer Games: Women's Basketball | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  80. ↑ "Basketball at the 1988 Seoul Summer Games: Men's Basketball | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  81. ↑ "Rowing at the 1988 Seoul Summer Games: Men's Coxless Pairs | Olympics at". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
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  86. ↑ "Ski Jumping at the 1988 Calgary Winter Games: Men's Large Hill, Individual | Olympics at". Sports Reference. 1988-02-23. Archived from the original on 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-17.

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