Orthosilicic acid

Orthosilicic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.421
EC Number 233-477-0
2009
UNII
Properties
H4O4Si
Molar mass 96.11 g·mol−1
Conjugate base Orthosilicate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Orthosilicic acid is the chemical compound with formula Si(OH)
4. It is assumed to be present in dilute solutions of silicon dioxide (silica) SiO
2 in water. It can be synthesized in non-aqueous solutions.

Introduction

The term "silicic acid" has traditionally been used as a synonym for silicon dioxide, SiO2, also known as "silica". Strictly speaking, silica is the anhydride of orthosilicic acid, Si(OH)4, from which it can be obtained by a dehydration reaction.

Si(OH)4 → SiO2↓ + 2H2O

The solubility of silica in pure water is about 1.5mM, or less, depending on the solid state structure of the compound. Because the concentration of orthosilicic acid is so low, it has not been fully characterized. It has been predicted to be "a very weak acid".[1] More concentrated solutions of orthosilicic acid are unstable and turn into silica gel and other species.[2]

The situation changed in 2017, when the orthosilicic acid monomer was obtained by hydrogenolysis of tetrakis(benzoyloxy)silane, (Si(OCH2C6H5)4, in solution in dimethylacetamide or related solvents. The crystal structure of this compound was determined by X-ray crystallography. Neutron diffraction was also used to determine the location of the hydrogen atoms. Di-silicic acid was synthesized by hydrogenation of its hexa-benzoyloxy derivative, R3-SiOSi-R3, R=CH3C6H4O. Cyclic trisilicic acid, Si3O3(OH)6 and cyclic tetrasilicic acid, Si4O4(OH)8 were synthesized by variations of this method.[3]

With these new discoveries, the term silicic acid has become ambiguous: it has been applied traditionally as a synonym for silica, SiO2, but it can now also be used for the compound Si(OH)4. The traditional meaning is retained in this article when it was used as such in a cited publication.

Plants and animals

Outside the marine environment compounds of silicon have very little biological function. Small quantities of silica are absorbed from the soil by some plants, to be then excreted in the form of phytoliths.[4]

Subcutaneous injections of orthosilicic acid solutions (around 1%) in mice were found to cause local inflammation and edema. Peritoneal injections of 0.1 mL of freshly prepared acid were often lethal. The toxicity decreased markedly as the solution aged, to the point that after the solution turned to a gel it had no effects other than mechanical ones. The solutions were equally toxic when administed by intravenous injection, but seasoned or gelled solutions were about as toxic as fresh ones.[2]

Research concerning the correlation of aluminium and Alzheimer's disease has included the ability of silicic acid in beer to reduce aluminium uptake in the digestive system as well as to increase renal excretion of aluminium [5][6]

Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) is a dietary supplement. It has been shown to prevent the loss of tensile strength in human hair;[7] to have a positive effect on the surface and mechanical properties of skin, and on the brittleness of hair and nails;[8] to abate brittle nail syndrome;[9] to partially prevent femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats;[10] to increase the concentration of collagen in calves;[11] and to have a potentially beneficial effect on the formation of collagen in the bones of osteopenic women.[12]

Oceanic silicic acid

2009 silicic acid concentration in the upper pelagic zone.[13]

Dissolved silica (DSi) is a term used in the field of oceanography to describe the form of water-soluble silica, which is assumed to be Si(OH)
4 (orthoslicic acid) or its conjugate bases (orthosilicate anions) such as Si(OH)
3O−
 and Si(OH)
2O2−
2. Theoretical computations indicate that the dissolution of silica in water proceeds through the formation of a SiO
2·2H
2O complex and then orthosilicic acid.[14] The biogeochemical cycle of silica is regulated by the algae known as the diatoms.[15][16] These algae polymerise the silicic acid to so-called biogenic silica, used to construct their cell walls (called frustules).[17]

In the uppermost water column the surface ocean is undersaturated with respect to dissolved silica, except for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of 55°S.

The dissolved silica concentration increases with increasing water depth, and along the conveyor belt from the Atlantic over the Indian into the Pacific Ocean.[18][19]

The silicic acids

Orthosilicic acid
Disilicic acid

For many decades it was debated whether orthosilicic acid, Si(OH)4, exists in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature;[20] this uncertainty originated from the poor solubility of silicon dioxide, SiO2.

Si(OH)4 (aq) SiO2↓ + 2 H2O

The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystal structure.[21] The species that are present in a solution in equilibrium with a solid have not been definitively characterised because of their low concentrations. Many authors have speculated that silicic acid may be present, at sub-millimolar concentrations, in rivers, lakes and sea water.[20]

Orthosilicic acid has been synthesized for the first time in the year 2017.[3] It was obtained by hydrogenolysis of tetrakis(benzoyloxy)silane, (Si(OCH2C6H5)4, in solution in dimethylacetamide or related solvents. The crystal structure of this compound was determined by X-ray crystallography. Neutron diffraction was also used to determine the location of the hydrogen atoms.

The conversion of mono-silicic acid to di-silicic acid

2 Si(OH)4 → (HO)3SiOSi((OH)3 + H2O

is a dehydration reaction, not an acid-base reaction; in consequence, di-silicic acid cannot be easily obtained from mono-silicic acid. Di-silicic acid was synthesized by hydrogenation of its hexa-benzoyloxy derivative, R3-SiOSi-R3, R=CH3C6H4O. Cyclic trisilicic acid, Si3O3(OH)6 and cyclic tetrasilicic acid, Si4O4(OH)8 were synthesized by variations of this method.[3]

The derivative Si(OH)3F has been characterized in aqueous solutions containing "silicic acid" and the fluoride ion. A fluoride Ion selective electrode was used to determine its stability constant.[22] The concentration of silicic acid was maintained below 2.5×10−3 mol dm−3.

References

  1. ↑ Pauling, Linus (1960). The nature of the chemical bond (3rd. ed.). Ithaka, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 557.
  2. 1 2 W. E. Gye and W. J. Purdy (1922): "The Poisonous Properties of Colloidal Silica. I: The Effects of the Parenteral Administration of Large Doses" British Journal of Experimental Pathology, volume 3, issue 2, pages 75–85. PMC 2047780
  3. 1 2 3 Igarashi, Masayasu; Matsumoto, Tomohiro; Yagahashi, Fujio; Yamashita, Hiroshi; Ohhara, Takashi; Hanashima, Takayasu; Nakao, Akiko; Moyosh, Taketo; Sato, Kazuhiko; Shimada, Shigeru (2017). "Non-aqueous selective synthesis of orthosilicic acid and its oligomers". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 140. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00168-5. PMC 5529440. PMID 28747652.
  4. ↑ G.H.Snyder (2001): "Methods for silicon analysis in plants, soils, and fertilizers". Studies in Plant Science, volume 8, chapter 11, Pages 185-196 doi:10.1016/S0928-3420(01)80015-X
  5. ↑ Exley C, Korchazhkina O, Job D, Strekopytov S, Polwart A, Crome P (2006). "Non-invasive therapy to reduce the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease". J. Alzheimers Dis. 10 (1): 17–24, discussion 29–31. doi:10.3233/jad-2006-10103. PMID 16988476.
  6. ↑ González-Muñoz MJ, Peña A, Meseguer I (2008). "Role of beer as a possible protective factor in preventing Alzheimer's disease". Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.036. PMID 17697731.
  7. ↑ Wickett RR, Kossmann E, Barel A, et al. (2007). "Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on hair tensile strength and morphology in women with fine hair". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 299 (10): 499–505. doi:10.1007/s00403-007-0796-z. PMID 17960402.
  8. ↑ Barel A, Calomme M, Timchenko A, et al. (2005). "Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 297 (4): 147–53. doi:10.1007/s00403-005-0584-6. PMID 16205932.
  9. ↑ Scheinfeld N, Dahdah MJ, Scher R (2007). "Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease". J Drugs Dermatol. 6 (8): 782–7. PMID 17763607.
  10. ↑ Calomme M, Geusens P, Demeester N, et al. (2006). "Partial prevention of long-term femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid". Calcif. Tissue Int. 78 (4): 227–32. doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0288-0. PMID 16604283.
  11. ↑ Calomme MR, Vanden Berghe DA (1997). "Supplementation of calves with stabilized orthosilicic acid. Effect on the Si, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations in serum and the collagen concentration in skin and cartilage". Biol Trace Elem Res. 56 (2): 153–65. doi:10.1007/BF02785389. PMID 9164661.
  12. ↑ Spector TD, Calomme MR, Anderson SH, et al. (2008). "Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to Calcium/Vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial". BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 9: 85. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-85. PMC 2442067. PMID 18547426.
  13. ↑ Information, US Department of Commerce, NOAA National Centers for Environmental. "World Ocean Atlas 2009". www.nodc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  14. ↑ Bhaskar Mondal, Deepanwita Ghosh, and Abhijit K. Das (2009): "Thermochemistry for silicic acid formation reaction: Prediction of new reaction pathway". Chemical Physics Letters, volume 478, issues 4–6, pages 115-119. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2009.07.063
  15. ↑ Siever, R. (1991). Silica in the oceans: biological-geological interplay. In: Schneider, S. H., Boston, P. H. (eds.), Scientists On Gaia, The MIT Press, Cambridge MA, USA, pp. 287-295.
  16. ↑ Treguer, P., Nelson, D. M., Van Bennekom, A. J., DeMaster, D. J., Leynaert, A. Queguiner, B. (1995). "The silica balance in the world ocean: A reestimate". Science. 268: 375–379. doi:10.1126/science.268.5209.375.
  17. ↑ Del Amo, Y., and M. A. Brzezinski. 1999. The chemical form of dissolved Si taken up by marine diatoms. J. Phycol. 35:1162-1170. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561162.x/abstract
  18. ↑ The figures here have been drawn using the interactive web site which feeds on annual DSi values from LEVITUS94: World Ocean Atlas 1994, an atlas of objectively analyzed fields of major ocean parameters at the annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales. Superseded by WOA98. Edited by Syd Levitus.
  19. ↑ "World Ocean Atlas 1994".
  20. 1 2 Iler, Ralph K. (1970). The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica. New York: Wley. ISBN 978-0-471-02404-0.
  21. ↑ Fournier, Robert O.; Rowe, Jack J. (1977). "The solubility of amorphous silica in water at high temperatures and high pressures" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 62: 1052–1056.
  22. ↑ Ciavatta, Liberato; Iuliano, Mauro; Porto, Raffaella (1988). "Fluorosilicate equilibria in acid solution". Polyhedron. 7 (18): 1773–1779. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)80410-6.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.