Samuel Adams Darcy

Samuel Adams Darcy
Sam Darcy (Source: City of Portland Archives, Oregon, A2001-074.120 - pls cite)[1]
Born Samuel Dardeck
1905
Ukraine
Died November 8, 2005
Nationality American
Known for Albion Hall Group of 1934 West Coast waterfront strike with Harry Bridges
Political party CPUSA (1917-1944 expelled)
Opponent(s) Earl Browder
Spouse(s) Emma Blechschmidt
Parents
  • Isidor Dardeck (father)
  • Fagella Weissbly (mother)

Samuel Adams Darcy (born Samuel Dardeck , as known as "Sam Darcy," 1905 - November 8, 2005) was a prominent Communist leader in both New York and California. While active in the organization of New York City’s unemployment march in 1930, he was perhaps most famous for his role in the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike and support for Harry Bridges.[2]

Career

Early life

"Samuel Adams Darcy" was born Samuel Dardeck in 1905 in the Ukraine, the son of Fagella Weissbly and Isidor Dardeck.[3] In 1908 he and his family immigrated to New York. He spent his early years growing up in New York City, attending DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, and eventually New York University.[4] At an early age Darcy witnessed his father, an ardent union member, severely beaten by police at a garment workers picket line. According to Darcy that was a defining moment in the development of his own political beliefs.[5] During a 1998 radio interview, he recalled:

My father was a worker in American factories until his 79th year. He was a member of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, and I was about ten years old when he started taking me to union meetings. He was in Local 35. It ignited an interest in American workers' welfare that has stayed for me to this day, in fact... We tried to organize child laborers. When I was twelve and a half years old, I worked for the O'Sullivan Rubber Heel Company in Lower Manhattan about 1917... From my previous couple of years in my father's union, I became interested in organizing young child laborers, who were employed illegally, against laws which prohibited children [from] working in factories below the age of sixteen. We organized something called the Young Workers League. In the YWL, we looked around for help, working out a program for improvement... I read the findings of Darwin... and the Communist Manifesto.[4]

Communist years

In 1917, while still in high school, Darcy joined the Young People’s Socialist League. In December 1921, following the Russian Revolution, Darcy joined the Communist Party USA (CPUSA—then the Workers Party of America), using his affinity for public speaking and organizing to rise in the organization’s ranks.

In 1927, the Party sent a 22-year-old Darcy to Moscow. He taught American History at the Lenin School.[4] During 1927-1928, he joined the Communist International, where he served on the executive committee of the Young Communist International (YCI), served as chair of International Children's Committee of the YCI, and traveled to China and Philippines to organize working-class movements.[2][4]

Darcy returned to the United States in 1929 and quickly rose to prominence within the CPUSA. When Earl Browder emerged from the Party's fighting among American factions (followers of Jay Lovestone, James P. Cannon, and William Z. Foster) in the late 1920s, Browder moved Darcy over as editor of the Daily Worker – according to Darcy, Browder hoped responsibilities at the Daily Worker would consume him and take him out of Party politics.[4] Darcy also headed the New York Workers School (following the departure of Jay Lovestone from the Party and of Bertram Wolfe and other co-founders from the school). In 1930, he also became the head of the Party's International Labor Defense group, which (Darcy later claimed) helped make him de facto chairman of the CPUSA.[2][4]

1930: March 6th Protest

Darcy was one of the main organizers of the New York unemployment march, which took place on March 6, 1930 as part of International Unemployment Day.

Even with the massive turnout, however, internal criticism arose that the CPUSA did not reap the benefits by failing to sufficiently increase their membership. Party General Secretary Earl Browder made Darcy a scapegoat for these perceived failures by "exiling" him to San Francisco, far from the CPUSA national headquarters to a multi-state district where Party affairs were in shambles.[5] While many in the Party anticipated Darcy would fade into oblivion, the shifting political climate put more organizing emphasis on the West Coast, essentially giving Darcy the platform he needed to do some of his most famous and influential work.

1934: San Francisco Waterfront Strike

From 1931 to 1936, Darcy headed the CPUSA's California district (including Nevada and Arizona), then the Party's second largest district. He helped organize agricultural workers and helped fight California's criminal syndicalism law.[2]

Darcy became involved with strategies to organize San Francisco longshoreman. In the early 1930s the Communist Party had pursued the strategy of infiltrating existing unions to elect rank and file workers to take control from what the CPUSA thought of as corrupt and conservative union officials. With the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), however, the CPUSA attempted to organize a separate union, the Marine Workers Industrial Union (MWIU).[6] In many people’s minds, including Sam Darcy's, this created a form of dual unionism on the waterfront and was thus counterproductive to the longshoremen’s overall organizing efforts.

In disagreement with the CPUSA’s strategy, Darcy, along with Henry Schmidt and Harry Bridges, formed the Albion Hall Group in order to recruit Communist Party members to abandon the MWIU and instead pursue rank-and-file leadership within the ILA.[6] While supporters of the MWIU condemned Darcy and his "boring from within" approach, evidence suggests that the strategy was both beneficial for the Communist Party and the militants within the ILA.[6] On the eve of the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, ILA national President Joseph Ryan and Senator Robert F. Wagner, Chairman of the National Labor Board, urged the Longshoremen not to strike.[6] The rank-and-file leadership, whose strength many people attribute to the work of Darcy and the Albion Hall Group, ignored their requests. On May 9, 1934, some 14,000 Longshoremen went on strike throughout the West Coast.[6]

In 1934, Darcy (who had once headed the New York Workers School) helped establish the San Francisco Workers' School (later the California Labor School), where he also served as both advisor and instructor.[2]

Also in 1934, Darcy argued within the Party's central committee to unite in a common front with Upton Sinclair's movement "End Poverty in California" (EPIC). When the Party refused, he ran for governor of California as the Party's gubernatorial candidate.[2]

Further Party years

From 1935 to 1938, he traveled to Moscow, where he took part in the 7th congress Communist International as head of the Anglo-American Secretariat.[2]

In 1938, he became the Party's National Education Director as well as committee representative for the Party's Minnesota-Wisconsin-Dakotas district.[2]

In 1938-39, the Party demoted him from full Central Committee member to alternate.[2]

From 1939 to 1944, he served as head of Eastern Pennsylvania, the Party's fourth largest district. Involved heavily in electoral work, he supported Party efforts to defeat the 1943 Democratic nominee for mayor of Philadelphia, William Christian Bullitt Jr.. (Bullitt had been Roosevelt's first ambassador to the USSR, 1933-1936, by the end of which time he had become anti-communist.)[2]

People vs. Darcy

In September 1940, Darcy was indicted on charges of perjury for (allegedly) having misstated his name and birthplace when registering to vote in California back in 1934. He spent six weeks in jail and was released in September 1941.[2][7][8][9][1]

Party expulsion

In 1944, Darcy and William Z. Foster openly opposed Earl Browder's "estimation of the prospects for post-war American-Soviet harmony." Foster backed down, but Darcy escalated his protest by resigning from Party offices. Shortly thereafter, CPUSA leadership expelled Darcy.[2][4]

Rest of life

In 1945, the Party removed Browder from leadership, but Darcy did not rejoin.[2]

Later, he sold furniture. He partook in Democratic party and labor issues until his death.[2]

During a 1998 radio interview, Darcy characterized Earl Browder as the root of problems in the CPUSA in the 1930s:

Browder was really a corrupt man. Everything evil in Communism, he championed.[4]

Personal and death

In 1926, Darcy married Emma Blechschmidt.[2]

Darcy was acquainted with many important non-communist progressives, including Lincoln Steffens, Yip Harburg, and Otto Nathan (of the estate of Albert Einstein). He also remained in touch with several ex-communists like William Dunne and Charles Keith.[2]

The Sam Darcy Papers at Tamiment Library show principal correspondents as: William F. Dunne, William Z. Foster, Israel Amter, Roger Baldwin, Max Bedacht, Cedric Belfrage, Earl Browder, Eugene Dennis, Leo Gallagher, Yip Harburg, Roy Hudson, Robert Minor, Tom Mooney, Otto Nathan, Scott Nearing, Mike Quinn, Nat Ross, William Schneiderman, Jack Stachel, Lincoln Steffens, Peter Steffens, and Ella Winter.[10]

His papers also include many Daily Worker cartoons by Jacob Burck (Furiers' Strike, Gastonia Strike, Organizing Workers, Peace) and a portrait of his friend William Z. Foster.[11]

He died on November 8, 2005.[2]

Works

Published

Darcy published at least three books:

  • Late Afternoon for the Nation State
  • Thomas Jefferson: The Second Revolution
  • The Challenge of Youth

Unpublished

The Sam Darcy Papers contain three unpublished works:[12]

  • The Storm Must Be Ridden (ca 1945)
  • Tales of Three Worlds (ca 1960-63)
  • The Second Revolution (play) (1974)

References

  1. 1 2 "Red Squad - A2001-074.120 : Samuel Dardeck". City of Portland Archives. 6 August 1941. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Historical/Biographical Note: Guide to the Sam Adams Darcy Papers TAM.124". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  3. ↑ "Samuel Adams Darcy". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Sam Darcy Oral History Project: U.S. Labor and Industrial History - World Wide Web Audio Archive". University at Albany, State University of New York. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 Nelson, Bruce (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s. University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Chretien, Todd. "Dual Unionism or "Boring from Within": The Communist Party and the San Francisco General Strike" (PDF). Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  7. ↑ "Appeal... United States Ex Rel. Darcy". Find A Case. 15 April 1940. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  8. ↑ "Appeal... People v. Darcy, 59 Cal. App. 2d 342 (Cal. Ct. App. 1943)". Court Listener. 25 June 1943. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "People v. Darcy". Justia. 25 June 1943. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  10. ↑ "Scope and Content: Guide to the Sam Adams Darcy Papers TAM.124". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  11. ↑ "Series VII Photographs and Graphics: Guide to the Sam Adams Darcy Papers TAM.124". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Series VI Biographical and other manuscripts, circa 1945-1971: Guide to the Sam Adams Darcy Papers TAM.124". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.

External sources

  • "Guide to the Sam Adams Darcy Papers TAM.124". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  • "Sam Darcy Oral History Project: U.S. Labor and Industrial History - World Wide Web Audio Archive". University at Albany, State University of New York. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  • "Sam Adams Darcy on the San Francisco Strike of 1934, Parts 1 and 2 (MP3)". Talking History, University at Albany, State University of New York. 19 November 1975. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  • Nelson, Bruce (1990). Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s. University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  • "Darcy, Samuel 1905-". OCLC WorldCat. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
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