Pycnodontiformes

Pycnodontiformes
Temporal range: Late Triassic - Eocene
Gyrodus hexagonus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: †Pycnodontiformes
Families
(see text)

Pycnodontiformes is an extinct order of bony fish. The group evolved during the Late Triassic and disappeared during the Eocene. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America.[1]

The pycnodontiforms were small to middle-sized fish, with laterally-compressed body and almost circular outline.[2]

Pycnodontiform fishes lived mostly in shallow-water seas. They had special jaws with round and flattened teeth,[3] well adapted to crush food items.[2] One study links the dentine tubules in pycnodont teeth to comparable structures in the dermal denticles of early Paleozoic fish.[4] Some species lived in rivers and possibly fed on molluscs and crustaceans.[5]

Taxonomy

  • †Order Pycnodontiformes (Berg, 1937) [6][7][8]
    • Genus ?†Acrorhinichthys Taverne & Capasso 2015
    • Genus ?†Archaeopycnodon Sanchez & Benedetto 1980
    • Genus ?†Athrodon le Sauvage 1880 non Osborn 1887
    • Genus ?†Callodus Thurmond 1974
    • Genus ?†Cosmodus le Sauvage 1879 [Glossodus Costa 1851 non Agassiz 1828 ex Spix & Agassiz 1829 non McCoy 1848]
    • Genus ?†Ellipsodus Cornuel 1877
    • Genus ?†Grypodon Hay 1899 [Ancistrodon Dames 1883 non De Beauvois 1799 non Roemer 1852 non Wagler 1830]
    • Genus ?†Mercediella Koerber 2012 [Camposichthys Figueiredo & Silva-Santos 1991 non Travassos 1946 non Whitley 1953]
    • Genus ?†Pseudopycnodus Taverne 2003
    • Genus ?†Tergestinia Capasso 2000
    • Genus ?†Thurmondella Thurmond 1974 non [Paramicrodon Thurmond 1974 non de Meijere 1913]
    • Genus ?†Uranoplosus le Sauvage 1879
    • Genus ?†Woodthropea Swinnerton 1925
    • Family ?†Hadrodontidae Thurmond & Jones 1981
      • Genus †Hadrodus Leidy 1858 [Propenser Applegate 1970]
    • Family ?†Gebrayelichthyidae Nursall & Capasso 2004
      • Genus †Maraldichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
      • Genus †Gebrayelichthys Nursall & Capasso 2004
    • Family ?†Gladiopycnodontidae Taverne & Capasso 2013
      • Genus †Gladiopycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
      • Genus †Joinvillichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
      • Genus †Monocerichthys Taverne & Capasso 2013
      • Genus †Pankowskichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
      • Genus †Rostropycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
      • Genus †Stenoprotome Hay 1903
    • Genus †Paramesturus Taverne 1981
    • Genus †Micropycnodon Hibbard & Graffham 1945 [Pycnomicrodon Hibbard & Graffham 1941 non Hay 1916]
    • Genus †Arduafrons Frickhinger 1991
    • Genus †Eomesodon Woodward 1918
    • Family †Mesturidae Nursall 1996
    • Family †Gyrodontidae Berg 1940
    • Family †Brembodontidae Tintori 1981 [Brembodidae; Gibbodontidae Tintori 1981]
    • Family †Coccodontidae Berg 1940 [Trewavasiidae Nursall 1996]
    • Family †Pycnodontidae Agassiz 1833 corrig. Bonaparte 1845 [Nursalliidae Bloy 1987; Sphaerodontidae Giebel 1846; Palaeobalistidae Blot 1987; Proscinetidae Gistel 1848; Gyronchidae]
      • Genus †Macropycnodon Shimada, Williamson & Sealey 2010
      • Genus †Pycnomicrodon Hay 1916 non Hibbard & Graffham 1941
      • Genus †Tibetodus Young & Liu 1954
      • Genus †Akromystax Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2005
      • Genus †Macromesodon Blake 1905 non Lehman 1966 [Mesodon Wagner 1851 non Rafinesque 1821; Gyronchus Agassiz 1839; Apomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002]
      • Genus †Stenamara Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2000
      • Genus †Stemmatodus Heckel 1854 non St. John & Worthen 1875 non
      • Genus †Turbomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2004 [Macromesodon Lehman 1966 non Blake 1905]
      • Genus †Anomiophthalmus Costa 1856
      • Genus †Anomoedus Forir 1887
      • Genus †Acrotemnus Agassiz 1836
      • Genus †Phacodus Dixon 1850 [Phacodus Dixon 1850 non Cope 1869]
      • Genus †Polazzodus Poyoto-Ariza 2010
      • Genus †Polygyrodus White 1927
      • Genus †Rhinopycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
      • Genus †Sphaerodus Agassiz 1833
      • Genus †Sphaeronchus Stinton & Torrens 1967
      • Genus †Sylvienodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2013
      • Genus †Stemmatias Hay 1899 [Stemmatodus St. John & Worthen 1875 non Heckel 1854 non]
      • Genus †Typodus Quenstedt 1858
      • Genus †Ocloedus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
      • Genus †Tepexichtys Applegate 1992
      • Genus †Neoproseinetes De Figueiredo & Silva Santos 1990
      • Genus †Proscinetes Gistl 1848 [Microdon Agassiz 1833 non Meigen 1803 non Fritsch 1876 non Conrad 1842 non Gistl 1848 non Dixon 1850; Polypsephis Hay 1899]
      • Genus †Tamanja Wenz 1989
      • Genus †Potiguara Machado & Brito 2006
      • Genus †Coelodus Heckel 1854
      • Genus †Pycnodus Agassiz 1833
      • Genus †Oropycnodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
      • Genus †Nursallia Blot 1987
      • Genus †Paranursallia Taverne et al. 2015
      • Genus †Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
      • Genus †Palaeobalistum Taverne et al. 2015

Timeline of genera

PaleogeneCretaceousJurassicTriassicOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicLate TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly TriassicMicropycnodonNursalliaPolygyrodusGrypodonAcrotemnusAnomoeodusTrewavasiaIchthyocerasCoccodusStemmatodusPalaeobalistumAthrodonCoelodusTibetodusPycnodusProscinetesGyronchusGyrodusMesturusEomesodonGibbodonBrembodusPaleogeneCretaceousJurassicTriassicOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicLate TriassicMiddle TriassicEarly Triassic

References

  1. ↑ "Pycnodontiformes". Palaeos vertebrates. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Pycnodontid fishes from the Kansas Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  3. ↑ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.
  4. ↑ Lepelstat, A. L.; McMenamin, M. A. S.; Bouse, L. A.; Fleury, D.; Marchand, G. J. (2010). "Dentine canals in Cambro-Ordovician ostracoderms and Cretaceous-Eocene pycnodont fish". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 42 (5): 94.
  5. ↑ "Mosasaurs terrorized Cretaceous rivers". Planet Earth online. 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  6. ↑ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "†Pycnodontiformes – pycnodont fishes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
  8. ↑ van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes".
  9. 1 2 L. Taverne; L. Capasso (2014). "Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres". Palaeontos. 25.
  • Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
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