Punjab insurgency

Punjab insurgency

Shown in red is the Punjab state in India from 1966–present
Date1984–1995[1]
(11 years)
LocationPunjab, India
Result Indian government victory
Belligerents
India Sikh Seperatists
Commanders and leaders
Zail Singh
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Shankar Dayal Sharma
Indira Gandhi
Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
Kuldip Singh Brar
Ranjit Singh Dyal
Rajiv Gandhi
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
Chandra Shekhar
Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao
Krishnaswamy Sundarji		 Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale †
Bhai Amrik Singh †
Shabeg Singh †
Manbir Singh Chaheru †
Labh Singh †
Kanwaljit Singh Sultanwind
Paramjit Singh Panjwar
Ranjit Singh Neeta
Aroor Singh
Avtar Singh
Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala †
Navroop Singh †
Navneet Singh Khadian
Pritam Singh Sekhon
Gurbachan Singh Manochahal
Balwinder Singh
Talwinder Singh Parmar
Sukhdev Singh Babbar
Wadhawa Singh Babbar
Units involved
No specific units
Casualties and losses
Over 12,000 civilian deaths[2]

The insurgency in Punjab originated in the late 1970s, was a threat to the unity and integrity of India due to the militant sikh ethno nationalism known as Khalistan movement.[3]. In the 1980s the movement had developed into a secessionist movement under the leadership of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.[4] The Green revolution brought several socio-economic changes which along with factionalism of the politics in the Punjab state increased tension between a section of sikhs in Punjab with the union Government of India.[3] Pakistani strategists then began supporting the militant dimension of the Khalistan movement.[3]

In 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and Akali Dal was defeated. In 1973 Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution resolution to demand more autonomy to Punjab.[5] The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.[6] Bhindranwale then joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982, to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed, failing which he wanted to declare a separate country of Khalistan as a homeland for Sikhs.[7]

Bhindranwale symbolized the revivalist, extremist and terrorist movement in the 1980s in Punjab.[8] He is credited with the launching the Sikh Militancy in Punjab.[4] Under Bhindranwale, the number of people initiating into the Khalsa increased. He also increased the level of rhetoric on the perceived "assault" on Sikh values from the Hindu community.[4] Bhindranwale and his followers started carrying firearms at all times.[4] In 1983, to escape arrest, he along with his militant cadre occupied and fortified the sikh shrine Akal Takht.[9]

On 1 June Operation Blue Star was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the Golden Temple complex. On 6 June Bhindranwale died in the operation. The operation carried out in the temple caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Khalistan Movement.[3] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[10] Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[11] These events played a major role in the violence by Sikh militant groups supported by Pakistan and consumed Punjab till the early 1990s when the Khalistan movement eventually died.[12]

Background

In the 1950s there was a demand for linguistic reorganisation of the state of Punjab, which the government finally agreed in 1955 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation commission.[3] The state of Punjab was later split into the states of Himachal Pradesh, the new state Haryana and current day Punjab.[13]

While the Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace of agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.[14] The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.[3] The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the backbone of the militancy.[15]

Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Khalistan

After being routed in 1972 Punjab election, the Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution resolution in 1973 to demand more autonomy to Punjab.[5] The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion separate from Hinduism. It also demanded that power be generally devoluted from the Central to state governments.[3] The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Bhindranwale then joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982, to implement Anandpur Sahib resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[16]

Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed, failing which he wanted to declare a separate country of Khalistan as a homeland for Sikhs.[17] Indira Gandhi, the leader of the Akali Dal's rival Congress, considered the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document.[6] The Government was of the view that passing of the resolution would have allowed India to be divided, making a Khalistan.[18]

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the Akalis

Attempts were made by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi to prop up Bhindranwale to undermine the Akali Dal, a sikh religious political party. On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of Khalsa, a peaceful Sant Nirankari convention was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali state government. The practices of "Sant Nirankaris" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heretics by the orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.[19] From Golden Temple premises,[20] A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention. In the ensuing violence seventeen people were killed.[21] A criminal case was filed and accused were acquitted on self defence.[22] The Punjab government Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[23]

Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by Akal Takht to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created to justify extra judicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.[24] The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

In the subsequent years following this event, several murders took place in Punjab and the surrounding areas allegedly by Bhindranwale's group and the new Babbar Khalsa.[22] The Babbar Khalsa activists took up residence in the Golden Temple, where they would retreat to, after committing "acts of punishment" on people against the orthodox Sikh tenets. Police did not entered the temple complex to avoid hurting the sentiments of Sikhs.[22] On 24 April 1980, The Nirankari head, Gurbachan was murdered.[25] Bhindranwale took residence in Golden Temple to escape arrest when he was accused of the assassination of Nirankari Gurbachan Singh.[26] Three years later, a member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination.

Pakistan involvement

Pakistan had been helping the Sikh secessionist movement from the 1970s. The Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had politically supported the idea of Khalistan on many occasions. Under Zia ul Haque, this engagement became more prominent. The motive for supporting Khalistan was the revenge for India's role in splitting of Pakistan and to discredit India's global status by splitting a Sikh state to vindicate Jinnah's Two state theory.[27]

After the operation Blue Star several modern weapons found inside the temple complex with the Pakistan or Chinese markings on them.[28] Pakistan has been deeply involved in the training, guiding and arming Sikh militants. Wadhawa Singh, Chief Babbar Khalsa International (BKI), Lakhbir Singh Rode, Chief, International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), Paramjit Singh Panjwar, Chief, Khalistan Commando Force (KCF), Gajinder Singh, Chief, Dal Khalsa International (DKI) and Ranjit Singh Neeta, Chief, Khalistan Zindabad Force (KZF) permanently based in Pakistan, have been co-ordinating militant activities of their outfits in Punjab and elsewhere in India under the guidance of Pak ISI. Pak ISI agents regularly escort Sikh militants for trans-border movement and provide safe havens for their shelter and dumps for weapons and explosives.

Interrogation reports of Sikh militants arrested in India suggest training of Sikh youth in Pakistan (including arms training in the use of rifle, sniper gun, LMG, grenade and causing explosions using gunpowder) and possession of arms and explosives by the Pak-based Sikh militant leaders. These IRs also suggest plans of Pak ISI through Pak based terrorists to cause explosions in big cities like Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Delhi and targeting of VVIPs.[29][30][31]

Militancy

A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to create an independent state called Khalistan through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A large numbers of Sikhs condemned the actions of the militants.[32]

Anthropological studies have identified fun, excitement and expressions of masculinity, as explanations for the young men to join militants and other religious nationalist groups. Puri et al state that undereducated and illiterate young men, and with few job prospects had joined pro-Khalistan militant groups with “fun” as one of the primary reasons. It mentioned that the pursuit of Khalistan was the motivation for only 5% of “militants”.[33][34]

By 1985, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In October 1985, Sikh militants stopped a bus and shot six Hindu bus passengers. On the same day, another group of extremists killed two officials on a train.[35]:174 The Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and imposed the President's Rule in the state. During the five months preceding Operation Blue Star, from 1 January 1984 to 3 June 1984, 298 people had been killed in various violent incidents across Punjab. In five days preceding the Operation, 48 people had been killed in the violence.[35]:175

Operation Bluestar

Operation Bluestar was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.[36] In July 1983, the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex.[37][10] Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarter,[38] for his armed uprising for Khalistan.[39] In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star since the inception of Akali Dharm Yudh Morcha, the militants had killed 165 Hindus and Nirankaris, even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.[40]

Indira Gandhi ordered the army to launch the Operation Blue Star.[41] A variety of army units along with paramilitary forces surrounded the temple complex on 3 June 1984. The army kept asking the militants to surrender, using the public address system. The militants were asked to allow the pilgrims out of the temple premises, before they start fighting the army. However, nothing happened till 7 PM.[42][42] The army had grossly underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Militants had Chinese made Rocket-propelled grenade launchers with armour piercing capabilities. Tanks and heavy artillery were used to attack the militants using anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.[43] According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.[44] High civilian casualties were attributed to militants using pilgrims trapped inside the temple as human shields.[45]

Anti-Sikh Riots

The Operation Bluestar led to an uproar amongst Sikhs, and many Sikhs had interpreted the military action as an assault on Sikh religion.[46] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[10] Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[11] The rioting mobs were allegedly led by Congress leaders, who are still facing the court cases.[47] The police "worked to destroy a lot of the evidence about who was involved with the killings by refusing to record First Information Reports" [48] Hundreds more were refused because the victims wanted to name Congress leaders like Sajjan Kumar, HKL Bhagat and Jagdish Tytler. Human Rights Watch reports "In the months following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials, accused in any case of murder, rape or arson."[49] Hundreds of murders are yet to be even registered by police.[47] The New Delhi Police was reported to be doing nothing to stop the rioting, as was the state and central government.[47]

After the riots

The Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India had repercussions in Punjab. A number of Sikhs were killed by Hindus.[50] Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses. In 1986, 24 Hindus were pulled out of a bus and shot near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh militants.[51] According to Human Rights Watch "In the beginning on the 1980s, Sikh separatists in Punjab attacked non-Sikhs in the state.[52]

Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, Rajiv Gandhi, tried unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab. Between 1987 and 1991, Punjab was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from Delhi. Elections were eventually held in 1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the police chief of the state K.P.S. Gill a free hand.

Timeline

Gurharpal Singh, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 11 (Nov. 1992), pp. 988–999 JSTOR 2645266</ref>

Punjab Insurgancy Chronology Outline
DateEventSource
March 1972Akalis routed in Punjab elections, Congress wins
17 October 1973Akalis ask for their rights through Anandpur Sahib Resolution
25 April 1980Gurbachan Singh of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.
2 June 1980Akalis lose election in Punjab[53]
16 Aug 1981Sikhs in Golden Temple meet foreign correspndents[54]
9 Sep 1981Jagat Narain, Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered.[55]
29 Sep 1981Separatists killed on Indian Jetliner to Pakistan[56]
11 Feb 1982US gives Visa to Jagjit Singh Chauhan[57]
11 Apr 1982USA Khalistani G.S. Dhillon Barred From India[58]
July 1982Armed Sikh militants storm the parliament in a protest related to the deaths of 34 Sikhs in police custody[59]
4 Aug 1982Akalis demand autonomy and additional regions for Punjab[60]
11 Oct 1982Sikh stage protests at the Indian Parliament[59]
Nov 1982Longowal threatens to disrupt Asian Games[61]
27 Feb 1983Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights[62]
23 April 1983Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General A. S. Atwal was shot dead as he left the Harmandir Sahib compound by a gunman from Bhindranwale's group[21]
3 May 1983Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, talks of violence being perpetuated against Sikhs and for India to understand[63]
14 Oct 19833 people killed at a Hindu festival in Chandigarh[64]
Oct 19836 Hindu passengers killed[65]
Oct 1983Hindus pulled off a train and bus and killed[66]
9 Feb 1984A wedding procession bombed[67]
14 Feb 1984Six policemen abducted from a post near Golden Temple and one of them killed by Bhindranwale's men[21]
19 Feb 1984Sikh-Hindu clashes spread in North India[68]
24 Feb 19846 more Sikhs killed in Punjab by police[69]
29 Feb 1984By this time, the Temple had become the centre of the 19-month-old uprising by the separatist Sikhs[70]
28 March 1984Harbans Singh Manchanda, the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) president murdered. He had demanded ouster of Bhindranwale from Akal Takht few days back[71]
3 April 1984Militants cause fear and instability in Punjab[72]
8 April 1984Longowal writes – he cannot control Bhindranwale anymore[73]
14 April 1984Surinder Singh Sodhi, follower of Bhindranwale shot dead at the temple by a man and a women[74]
17 April 1984Deaths of 3 Sikh Activists in factional fighting[75]
27 May 1984Ferosepur politician killed after confessing to fake police encounters with "terrorist" killings[76]
2 June 1984Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs' entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off.[77][78][79]
3 June 1984Army takes controls Punjab's security[80]
5 June 1984Operation Blue Star to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib commences, Punjab shut-down from outside world.[81]
6 June 1984Daylong battle in temple[82][83]
7 June 1984Harmandir Sahib over taken by army[84]
7 June 1984Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale dead[85]
8 June 198427 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces fired on protesters[86]
9 June 1984Weapons seized, troops fired on[87]
10 June 1984Reports of anti-Sikh riots and killings in Delhi[88]
11 June 1984Negotiators close to a settlement on waters[89]
31 October 1984Indira Gandhi assassinated[90]
1 November 19841984 anti-Sikh riots begin in Delhi[91]
3 November 1984Anti Sikh Violence a total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed[91]
23 June 1985Air India Flight 182 was bombed by Sikh terrorists killing 329 people (including 22 crew members); almost all of them Hindus
20 August 1985Harcharan Singh Longowal assassinated[92]
29 September 1985 60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM[93]
26 January 1986 Sikhs have a global meeting and the rebuilding of Akal Takht declared as well as the five member Panthic Committee selected and have draft of the Constitution of Khalistan written[94]
29 April 1986 Resolution of Khalistan passed by Sarbat Khalsa and Khalistan Commando Force also formed at Akal Takht with more than 80,000 Sikhs present.[95]
1 December 1986 Militants kill 24 Hindu passengers[96]
19 May 1987General Secretary CPI(M) Comrade Deepak Dhawan was brutally murdered at Village Sangha, Tarn Taran
7 July 1987Sikh terrorists from Khalistan Commando Force attacked two buses. They singled out and killed 34 Hindu bus passengers in 1987 Haryana killings[97]
12 May 1988Operation Black Thunder II to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib[98]
10 January 1990Senior Superintendent of Batala Police Gobind Ram killed in bomb blast in retaliation of police gang raping Sikh woman of Gora Choor village[99][100]
16 June 199180 people killed on two trains by extremists[101]
25 February 1992Congress sweeps Punjab Assembly elections[102]
3 September 1995 CM Beant Singh killed in blast[103]

See also

Bibliography

  • The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law (PDF). Ensaaf. January 2007.
  • Kaur, Jaskaran; Sukhman Dhami (October 2007). "Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India" (PDF). 19 (14). New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Lewis, Mie; Kaur, Jaskaran (5 October 2005). Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture (PDF). Santa Clara: Ensaaf.
  • Silva, Romesh; Marwaha, Jasmine; Klingner, Jeff (26 January 2009). Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis (PDF). Palo Alto: Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG).
  • Cry, the beloved Punjab: a harvest of tragedy and terrorism, by Darshan Singh Maini. Published by Siddharth Publications, 1987.
  • Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists, by Satyapal Dang. Published by Patriot, 1988.
  • Combating Terrorism in Punjab: Indian Democracy in Crisis, by Manoj Joshi. Published by Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1993.
  • Politics of terrorism in India: the case of Punjab, by Sharda Jain. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1995. ISBN 81-7100-807-0.
  • Terrorism: Punjab's recurring nightmare, by Gurpreet Singh, Gourav Jaswal. Published by Sehgal Book Distributors, 1996.
  • Terrorism in Punjab: understanding grassroots reality, by Harish K. Puri, Paramjit S. Judge, Jagrup Singh Sekhon. Published by Har-Anand Publications, 1999.
  • Terrorism in Punjab, by Satyapal Dang, V. D. Chopra, Ravi M. Bakaya. Published by Gyan Books, 2000. ISBN 81-212-0659-6.
  • Rise and Fall of Punjab Terrorism, 1978–1993, by Kalyan Rudra. Published by Bright Law House, 2005. ISBN 81-85524-96-3.
  • The Long Walk Home, by Manreet Sodhi Someshwar. Harper Collins, 2009.
  • Global secutiy net 2010, Knights of Falsehood by KPS Gill, 1997

References

  1. ↑ Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (17 February 2016). "Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency". Routledge. Retrieved 10 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ Punjab militancy: There have been 12,000 deaths. One India.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. p. 484. ISBN 9788131708347. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  5. 1 2 Singh, Khushwant. "The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands". oxfordscholarship.com/. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  6. 1 2 Giorgio Shani (2008). Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age. Routledge. pp. 51–60. ISBN 978-0-415-42190-4.
  7. ↑ Joshi, Chand, Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129.
  8. ↑ Crenshaw, Martha (1 November 2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. p. 381. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Muni, S. D. (2006). Responding to Terrorism in South Asia. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2006. p. 36. ISBN 9788173046711. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 "Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". Dnaindia.com. 5 November 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  11. 1 2 Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-415-45666-1. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  12. ↑ Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Immigration and Refugee Board, DIRB-IRB. India: Information from four specialists on the Punjab, Response to Information Request #IND26376.EX, 17 February 1997 (Ottawa, Canada).
  13. ↑ Singh, Atamjit. "The Language Divide in Punjab". South Asian Graduate Research Journal, Volume 4, No. 1, Spring 1997. Apna. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Sumit Ganguly; Larry Diamond; Marc F. Plattner (13 August 2007). The State of India's Democracy. JHU Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8018-8791-8. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Alvin William Wolfe; Honggang Yang (1996). Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution. University of Georgia Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8203-1765-6. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  16. ↑ Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1 January 1991). Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-81-7154-529-2.
  17. ↑ Joshi, Chand, Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129.
  18. ↑ "34 Years On, A Brief History About Operation Bluestar, And Why It Was Carried Out". NDTV. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  19. ↑ Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  20. ↑ Guha, Ramachandra (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (illustrated, reprint ed.). Excerpts: Macmillan. ISBN 9780330396110. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  21. 1 2 3 "Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror". Satp.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  23. ↑ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 58–60; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.
  24. ↑ Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.
  25. ↑ Gill, K.P.S. and Khosla, S (2017). Punjab: The Enemies Within : Travails of a Wounded Land Riddled with Toxins. Excerpt: Bookwise (India) Pvt. Limited. ISBN 9788187330660.
  26. ↑ India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession, by Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. Asian Survey, 1985 University of California Press
  27. ↑ Kiessling, Hein (2016). Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781849048637. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  28. ↑ "Operation Bluestar". India Today. 1999.
  29. ↑ "Pakistan's Involvement in Terrorism against India".
  30. ↑ "Pakistan involvement in Sikh terrorism in Punjab based on solid evidence: India".
  31. ↑ "'CIA, ISI encouraged Sikh terrorism'".
  32. ↑ J. C. Aggarwal; S. P. Agrawal (1992). Modern History of Punjab. Concept Publishing Company. p. 117. ISBN 978-81-7022-431-0. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  33. ↑ Puri et al., Terrorism in Punjab, pp. 68–71
  34. ↑ Van Dyke 2009, p. 991.
  35. 1 2 Robert L. Hardgrave; Stanley A. Kochanek (2008). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  36. ↑ Swami, Praveen (16 January 2014). "RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  37. ↑ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839-2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.
  38. ↑ "Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated". LA Times. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  39. ↑ Operation Bluestar, 5 June 1984 Archived 8 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). "deaths+in+violent" Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 147, Ch. 11.
  41. ↑ Wolpert, Stanley A., ed. (2009). "India". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  42. 1 2 Amberish K Diwanji (4 June 2004). "'There is a limit to how much a country can take'". The Rediff Interview/Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh Brar (retired). Rediff.com. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  43. ↑ "Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar". Tribune India. 30 May 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  44. ↑ White Paper on the Punjab Agitation. Shiromani Akali Dal and Government of India. 1984. p. 169. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  45. ↑ Kiss, Peter A. (2014). Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict (Illustrated ed.). Potomac Books. p. 100. ISBN 9781612347004. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  46. ↑ Westerlund, David (1996). Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. ISBN 1-85065-241-4.
  47. 1 2 3 "Timesofindia > 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots".
  48. ↑ Mridu Khullar (28 October 2009). "India's 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Waiting for Justice". TIME.
  49. ↑ Patricia Gossman (1991), Punjab in Crisis (PDF), Human Rights Watch
  50. ↑ Vernon Marston Hewitt (1992). The International Politics of South Asia. Manchester University Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7190-3393-3. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  51. ↑ Gunment Slaughter 38 on Bus in India in Bloodiest Attack of Sikh Campaign. 7 July 1987. Page A03. The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  52. ↑ "India: Time to Deliver Justice for Atrocities in Punjab (Human Rights Watch, 18-10-2007)".
  53. ↑ Mrs. Gandhi's Party Wins Easily In 8 of 9 States Holding Elections, The New York Times, 3 June 1980
  54. ↑ IN INDIA, SIKHS RAISE A CRY FOR INDEPENDENT NATION, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 16 August 1981
  55. ↑ GUNMEN SHOOT OFFICIAL IN A TROUBLED INDIAN STATE, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 18 October 1981
  56. ↑ Sikh Separatists murdered on Indian Jetliner to Pakistan, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times 30 September 1981
  57. ↑ Two Visa Disputes Annoy and Intrigue India, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, 11 February 1982
  58. ↑ Sikh Separatist Is Barred From Visiting India, The New York Times, 11 April 1982
  59. 1 2 ANGRY SIKHS STORM INDIA'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 12 October 1982
  60. ↑ The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood By Darshan Singh Tatla
  61. ↑ Sikhs Raise the Ante at A Perilous Cost to India, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, 7 November 1982
  62. ↑ Concessions Granted to Sikhs By Mrs. Gandhi's Government, The New York Times, 28 February 1983
  63. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071FF73E5C0C708CDDAC0894DB484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKH HOLY LEADER TALKS OF VIOLENCE, WILLIAM K. STEVENSS, The New York Times, 3 May 1983
  64. ↑ Mrs. Gandhi Says Terrorism Will Fail, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, 16 October 1983
  65. ↑ INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES OVER A STATE SWEPT BY RELIGIOUS STRIFE, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, 7 October 1983
  66. ↑ 11 PEOPLE KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, 23 February 1984
  67. ↑ General Strike Disrupts Punjab By SANJOY HAZARIKA, The New York Times, 9 February 1984;
  68. ↑ Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India, The New York Times, 19 February 1984
  69. ↑ Sikh-Hindu Violence Claims 6 More Lives, The New York Times, 25 February 1984
  70. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C17FE3F5D0C7A8EDDAB0894DC484D81&scp=14&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt Sikh Temple: Words of Worship, Talk of Warfare, The New York Times, 29 February 1984
  71. ↑ "DSGMC president Harbans Singh Manchanda murder in Delhi sends security forces in a tizzy". India Today. 30 April 1984. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  72. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/world/with-punjab-the-prize-sikh-militants-spread-terror.html WITH PUNJAB THE PRIZE, SIKH MILITANTS SPREAD TERROR, The New York Times, 3 April 1984
  73. ↑ SIKH WARNS NEW DELHI ABOUT PUNJAB STRIFE, The New York Times, 8 April 1984
  74. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DA1438F936A25757C0A962948260&scp=15&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt, The New York Times, 15 April 1984
  75. ↑ 3 Sikh Activists Killed In Factional Fighting, The New York Times, 17 April 1984
  76. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40616FE3F5F0C748EDDAC0894DC484D81&scp=22&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt 5 MORE DIE IN CONTINUING INDIAN UNREST, The New York Times, 17 April 1984
  77. ↑ Hamlyn, Michael (6 June 1984). "Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine". The Times. p. 36.
  78. ↑ Tully, Mark (1985). Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. Jonathan Cape.
  79. ↑ "Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine". The Times. 5 June 1984. p. 1.
  80. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FB3E5F0C708CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=9&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt INDIAN ARMY TAKES OVER SECURITY IN PUNJAB AS NEW VIOLENCE FLARES, The New York Times, 3 June 1984
  81. ↑ HEAVY FIGHTING REPORTED AT SHRINE IN PUNJAB, The New York Times, 5 June 1984
  82. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/06/world/indians-report-daylong-battle-at-sikh-temple.html INDIANS REPORT DAYLONG BATTLE AT SIKH TEMPLE , The New York Times, 6 June 1984
  83. ↑ "Correcting Previous Statement on Golden Temple". Congressional Record – Senate (US Government). 17 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  84. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70914FB395F0C748CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=3&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt 308 PEOPLE KILLED AS INDIAN TROOPS TAKE SIKH TEMPLE, The New York Times, 7 June 1984
  85. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1FF8395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=2&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt, SIKH CHIEFS: FUNDAMENTALIST PRIEST, FIREBRAND STUDENT AND EX-GENERAL New York Times, 8 June 1984
  86. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKHS PROTESTING RAID ON SHRINE; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, The New York Times, 8 June 1984
  87. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKHS IN TEMPLE HOLD OUT: MORE VIOLENCE IS REPORTED; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, The New York Times, 9 June 1984
  88. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10911FE385F0C738DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES ON SIKHS IN A BLOODY ENCOUNTER, The New York Times, 10 June 1984
  89. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B14FB385F0C718DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt, The New York Times, 12 June 1984
  90. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1091FFF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81&scp=5&sq=Indira+gandhi+killed&st=nyt, GANDHI, SLAIN, IS SUCCEEDED BY SON; KILLING LAID TO 2 SIKH BODYGUARDS New York Times, 1 November 1984
  91. 1 2 Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
  92. ↑ Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab, By Harnik Deol, Routledge, 2000
  93. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E5DF1239F93AA1575AC0A963948260&scp=8&sq=punjab+election&st=nyt TEMPLE Gandhi Hails A Loss in Punjab, The New York Times, 29 September 1985
  94. ↑ Tatla, Darsham (2009). The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood. London: Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 9781135367442.
  95. ↑ Mandair, Arvind-Pal (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. A&C Black. p. 103. ISBN 9781441102317.
  96. ↑ https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50711F83B550C728CDDAB0994DE484D81&scp=54&sq=punjab+election&st=nyt TEMPLE SIKH EXTREMISTS HIJACK PUNJAB BUS AND KILL 24 PEOPLE , The New York Times, 1 December 1986
  97. ↑ Hazarika, Sanjoy (8 July 1987). "34 Hindus Killed in New Bus Raids; Sikhs Suspected". New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  98. ↑ Singh, Sarabjit (2002). Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780761995968.
  99. ↑ Mahmood, Cynthia (2011). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780812200171.
  100. ↑ Ghosh, S. K. (1995). Terrorism, World Under Siege. New Delhi: APH Publishing. p. 469. ISBN 9788170246657.
  101. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DE1539F935A25755C0A967958260&scp=3&sq=congress+win+punjab&st=nyt Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End, The New York Times, 16 June 1991
  102. ↑ The Punjab Elections 1992: Breakthrough or Breakdown? Gurharpal Singh, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 11 (Nov. 1992), pp. 988–999 JSTOR 2645266
  103. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7DE143FF930A3575AC0A963958260&scp=2&sq=beant+Singh+&st=nyt Assassination Reminds India That Sikh Revolt Is Still a Threat, 3 September 1995
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