Plymouth, Montserrat

Coordinates: 16°42′23″N 62°12′57″W / 16.706417°N 62.215839°W / 16.706417; -62.215839

Plymouth
Abandoned town
Plymouth in 2006, following the 1997 eruptions which buried most of the town in ash

Location of Plymouth within Montserrat
Country  United Kingdom
Overseas territory  Montserrat
Population (2016)
  Total 0
  4000 inhabitants before evacuation as a result of volcanic eruption
Time zone UTC-4 (Atlantic)

Plymouth was the capital city of the island of Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies. Constructed on historical lava deposits near the then-inactive Soufriere Hills volcano, the town was evacuated when the volcano resumed erupting in 1995. Plymouth was abandoned permanently in 1997 after it was burnt and mostly buried by a series of pyroclastic flows and lahars. For centuries, it had been the only port of entry to the island.

Plymouth is still the de jure capital city of Montserrat, making it the only ghost town that serves as the capital of a political territory.

History

Volcano and abandonment

Ash piled as high as a streetlamp on the streets of Plymouth (1999)
By 12 July 1997, pyroclastic flows had burned much of what had not already been covered in ash

Beginning in July 1995, a series of huge eruptions at the Soufrière Hills volcano sent pyroclastic flows and ash falls across a wide area of southern Montserrat including the capital, Plymouth. It was immediately clear that the town was in grave danger. On 21 August 1995, tephra fell on Plymouth, and in December residents were evacuated as a precaution. Residents were allowed back a few months later, but on 25 June 1997, a massive eruption produced pyroclastic surges that killed 19 people and reached nearly to the island's airport on the eastern side of the island. Plymouth was again evacuated.

Between 4–8 August a further series of large eruptions destroyed approximately 80% of the town, burying it under 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) of ash. This hot material burned many of the buildings, making habitation nearly impossible for many of the residents.

The pyroclastic flows, lava, ash and other volcanic rock types were mostly compact, having a density similar to that of concrete. The removal of the overburden would have required the use of explosives, bulldozers and other resources too expensive for widespread use. It was anticipated that the soil underneath the hardened mud and lava would have been scorched and left completely non-arable by the heat of the pyroclastic flows. Plymouth was abandoned and the entire southern half of the island was declared an exclusion zone because of the continuing volcanic activity at the Soufrière Hills. The government of the island was moved to Brades, although Plymouth remains the de jure capital. As of 2013, a new port and capital are under construction at Little Bay, on the island's northwest coast.

The destruction of Plymouth caused severe economic problems for the island of Montserrat. Plymouth had been by far the largest settlement on the island, with around 4,000 inhabitants. It had been the site of almost all the island's shops and services, in addition to having been its seat of government. Some of the lost facilities were subsequently rebuilt elsewhere on Montserrat, but this did not prevent emigration. More than two-thirds of the island's population was evacuated by the Royal Navy. Most of the evacuees have not returned.

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Plymouth
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32
(90)
33
(91)
34
(93)
34
(93)
36
(97)
37
(99)
37
(99)
37
(99)
36
(97)
34
(93)
37
(99)
33
(91)
37
(99)
Average high °C (°F) 29
(84)
30
(86)
31
(88)
31
(88)
32
(90)
32
(90)
33
(91)
33
(91)
32
(90)
31
(88)
30
(86)
29
(84)
31
(88)
Average low °C (°F) 23
(73)
23
(73)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
25
(77)
25
(77)
25
(77)
24
(75)
24
(75)
24
(75)
23
(73)
24
(75)
Record low °C (°F) 17
(63)
18
(64)
18
(64)
18
(64)
19
(66)
21
(70)
22
(72)
22
(72)
21
(70)
19
(66)
19
(66)
18
(64)
17
(63)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 122
(4.8)
86
(3.39)
112
(4.41)
89
(3.5)
97
(3.82)
112
(4.41)
155
(6.1)
183
(7.2)
168
(6.61)
196
(7.72)
180
(7.09)
140
(5.51)
1,640
(64.57)
Source: BBC Weather [1]

Transport

The airport serving Plymouth, W. H. Bramble Airport, was shut down completely by 1997, and a new airport, John A. Osborne Airport, opened near Brades.

Education

In the pre-1997 period it was served by Plymouth Primary School,[2] and Plymouth Junior Secondary School.[3]

See also

References

  1. "Average Conditions Plymouth, Montserrat". BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  2. Thomas, Emel (editor). Education in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Netherlands Antilles. Bloomsbury Publishing, May 8, 2014. ISBN 1623563836, 9781623563837. p. 279.
  3. "Report of the Technical-Vocational Education and Training Reconnaissance Mission." UNESCO. Annex 1 p. 2 (PDF p. 12/14). Retrieved on 27 November 2017.
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