Parnaíba River

Parnaíba
River
Piauí side of Parnaíba River
Country Brazil
States Piauí, Maranhão
Region Northeast
Mouth
 - location near Parnaíba city, Atlantic Ocean, Maranhão–Piauí border, Brazil
 - coordinates 2°45′01″S 41°49′15″W / 2.75033°S 41.8208°W / -2.75033; -41.8208Coordinates: 2°45′01″S 41°49′15″W / 2.75033°S 41.8208°W / -2.75033; -41.8208
Length 1,400 km (870 mi)
Basin 344,112 km2 (132,862 sq mi)
Parnaíba River in Brazil
Drainage basin of the Parnaíba River

The Parnaíba River (Portuguese: Rio Parnaíba) is a river in Brazil, which forms the border between the states of Maranhão and Piauí. Its main course is 1,400 km (870 mi) long and the Parnaíba River Basin covers 344,112 km2 (132,862 sq mi).[1] The Parnaíba River rises in the Chapada das Mangabeiras range, and flows northeastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, being the longest river entirely located within Brazil's Northeast Region.[2] The middle and upper regions of this river are separated by waterfalls, but is otherwise navigable.

Ecology

The fish species richness in the Parnaíba River Basin has traditionally been considered impoverished, but this has been disproven by recent surveys, which have recorded about 140 native species (including several that remain undescribed) and about 40% of these are endemic.[1] One of the basin endemics is the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon signata.[3] More than 70% of the fish species in the basin are members of either Characiformes or Siluriformes.[1] The fauna in the headwaters has not yet been thoroughly surveyed. In addition to the natives, there are seven introduced fish species in the basin.[1]

The river delta is protected by the 313,800 hectares (775,000 acres) Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1996.[4] The river's delta has large stands of mangrove,[5] as well as dunes, beaches, marshes and other habitats.[6] The delta is considered an Important Bird Area and is home to species such as scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber) and rufous crab hawk (Buteogallus aequinoctialis).[6]

Two species of aquatic turtles are endemic to the general region, the Maranhão slider (Trachemys adiutrix) that is found in the delta and the side-necked turtles Mesoclemmys perplexa found inland, but neither is entirely restricted to the Parnaíba River Basin.[7][8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ramos, T.P.A.; Ramos, R.T.C.; and Ramos, S.A.Q.A. (2014). Ichthyofauna of the Parnaíba river Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 14(1).
  2. ↑ Knepper, Christian (October 2005). "Rumo ao delta" (in Portuguese). National Geographic. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  3. ↑ Moro, G.I; Charvet, P.; and Rosa, R.S. (2012). Insectivory in Potamotrygon signata (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), an endemic freshwater stingray from the Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 72(4).
  4. ↑ APA Delta do Parnaíba (Federal) (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2017-02-09
  5. ↑ Lacerda, L.D., eds. (2002). Mangrove Ecosystems: Function and Management. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-662-04713-2
  6. 1 2 BirdLife International: Delta do Parnaíba. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  7. ↑ Batistela, A.M. (2008). Biologia de Trachemys adiutrix (Vanzolini, 1995) (Testudines, Emydidae) no litoral do nordeste - Brasil. INPA/Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior.
  8. ↑ Bour, R.; and Zaher, H. (2005). A new species of Mesoclemmys, from the open formations of northeastern Brazil (Chelonii, Chelidae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 45(24).
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