Paramount leader

Paramount leader
Simplified Chinese 最高领导人
Traditional Chinese 最高領導人
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In modern Chinese politics, the paramount leader (simplified Chinese: 最高领导人; traditional Chinese: 最高領導人; pinyin: zuìgāo lǐngdǎorén) of the Communist Party of China and the government of China is an informal term that refers to the most prominent political leader in the People's Republic of China.[1] The paramount leader is not a formal position nor an office unto itself and the term gained prominence during the era of Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), who was able to wield power without necessarily holding any official or formally significant party or government positions at any given time (head of state, head of government or General Secretary).

There has been significant overlap between paramount leader status and leadership core status, though they are separate concepts. The term has been used less frequently to describe Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, who have all formally held both the offices of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of the People's Republic of China. Jiang, Hu and Xi are therefore usually referred to as President in the international scene, the title used by most other republican heads of state. However, Deng's successors derive their real power from the post of General Secretary which is the primary position in the Chinese power structure[2] and generally regarded by scholars as the post whose holder can be considered paramount leader.[3] The President is a largely ceremonial office according to the Constitution.[lower-alpha 1]

Xi Jinping is considered to have become paramount leader in November 2012 upon his becoming General Secretary, rather than in March 2013 when he succeeded Hu Jintao as President.[5]

History

Chairman Mao Zedong was the undisputed ruler of Communist China from its beginning in 1949 and at once held three Chairman offices: Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1959), making him the leader of the party, military and state, respectively.

Following the Cultural Revolution, a rough consensus emerged within the party that the worst excesses were caused by the lack of checks and balances in the exercise of political power and the resulting "rule of personality" by Mao. Beginning in the 1980s, the leadership experimented with a quasi-separation of powers, whereby the offices of general secretary, president and premier were held by different people.

In 1985, for example, the General Secretary was Hu Yaobang, the President was Li Xiannian and the Premier was Zhao Ziyang. However, Deng Xiaoping was still recognized as the core of the leadership during this period. Both Hu and Zhao fell out of favour in the late 1980s, but Deng was able to retain ultimate political control.

The paramount leader label has been applied to Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, though it is generally recognized that they did not wield as much power as Deng despite their having held more offices of leadership. There has also been a greater emphasis on collective leadership, whereby the top leader is a first among equals style figure, exercising power with the consensus of the Politburo Standing Committee.[1] This was particularly apparent during the tenure of Hu Jintao.[lower-alpha 2] Beginning in 1993, Jiang formally held the three offices that made him the head of the party, state and military:

When Jiang left the offices of General Secretary and President in 2002 and 2003, respectively, he held onto the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Military power had always been an important facet in the exercise of political power in Communist-ruled China and as such holding the top military post meant that Jiang retained some formal power. When Jiang stepped down from his last formal post between 2002 and 2004, it was ambiguous who the paramount leader was at the time. Hu Jintao held the same trio of positions during his years in power. Hu transitioned all three positions onto his successor Xi Jinping between November 2012, when Xi became General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission; and March 2013, when Xi became President. Since Xi's ascendance to power, two new bodies, the National Security Commission and Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, have been established, ostensibly concentrating political power in the paramount leader to a greater degree than anyone since Deng.[7] These bodies were tasked with establishing the general policy direction for national security as well as the agenda for economic reform. Both groups are headed by the General Secretary.[8]

List of leaders

  First administration   Second administration   Third administration   Hu–Wen Administration   Xi–Li Administration

Picture Name Offices held Period Ideology CPC leaders Presidents Premiers
Mao Zedong
毛泽东		 Chairman of the CPC Central Politburo 20 March 1943 – 28 September 1956 1 October 1949
↓
9 September 1976
(26 years, 344 days)		 Mao Zedong Thought Himself Himself
Liu Shaoqi
Post abolished		 Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
Chairman of the CPC Central Secretariat
Chairman of the CPC Central Committee 19 June 1945 – 9 September 1976
Chairman of the PRC Central People's Government 1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954
Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee 9 October 1949 – 25 December 1954
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission 8 September 1954 – 9 September 1976
Chairman of the PRC 27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959
Hua Guofeng
华国锋		 Premier of the PRC State Council 4 February 1976 – 10 September 1980 9 September 1976
↓
22 December 1978
(2 years, 104 days)		 Two Whatevers
(Mao Zedong Thought)		 Himself Post abolished Himself
First Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Committee 7 April 1976 – 7 October 1976
Chairman of the CPC Central Committee 7 October 1976 – 28 June 1981
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
Deng Xiaoping
邓小平		 First Vice Premier of the PRC State Council 17 January 1975 – 18 June 1983 22 December 1978
↓
9 November 1989
(10 years, 322 days)		 Deng Xiaoping Theory
(Socialism with Chinese characteristics)		 Hua Guofeng
Hu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang
Jiang Zemin		 Post abolished
Li Xiannian
Yang Shangkun		 Hua Guofeng
Zhao Ziyang
Li Peng
Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee 8 March 1978 – 17 June 1983
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission 28 June 1981 – 9 November 1989
Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission 13 September 1982 – 2 November 1987
Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 6 June 1983 – 19 March 1990
Jiang Zemin
江泽民		 General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee 24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002 9 November 1989
↓
14 November 2002
(13 years, 5 days)		 Three Represents Himself Yang Shangkun
Himself		 Li Peng
Zhu Rongji
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission 9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004
Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 19 March 1990 – 13 March 2005
President of the PRC 27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003
Hu Jintao
胡锦涛		 General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee 14 November 2002 – 15 November 2012 14 November 2002
↓
15 November 2012
(10 years, 1 day)		 Scientific Outlook on Development
(Socialist Harmonious Society)		 Himself Wen Jiabao
President of the PRC 15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission 19 September 2004 – 15 November 2012
Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission 13 March 2005 – 14 March 2013
Xi Jinping
习近平		 General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee 15 November 2012 – incumbent 15 November 2012
↓
Incumbent
(5 years, 335 days)		 Xi Jinping Thought on
Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
for a New Era
(Chinese Dream)		 Himself Li Keqiang
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
President of the PRC 14 March 2013 – incumbent
Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission
Leader of the CPC Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission 30 December 2013 – incumbent
Chairman of the CPC National Security Commission 25 January 2014 – incumbent

Notes

  1. ↑ The office of President is a prestigious one and the head of state. The office was first held by Mao Zedong, but it was abolished during the Cultural Revolution. The Constitution of 1982 restored powers and functions of the President of the People's Republic of China as head of state. This office does not have executive authority comparable to the President of the United States since most of its powers are ceremonial. The President of China can therefore be compared with the President of Germany and contrasted with the President of India, who in theory possesses great executive powers, which are in practice exercised by the Union Council of Ministers.[4]
  2. ↑ In official pronouncements when describing the existing leadership of the party, state media referred to the party under Hu as the party center with comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary in contrast to the party under Jiang being described as the party center with comrade Jiang Zemin as its core (核心). Some analysts saw this change as a signal that collective leadership was being embraced over personal leadership.

References

  1. 1 2 "How China is ruled".
  2. ↑ Chris Buckley and Adam Wu (10 March 2018). "Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. - Is the presidency powerful in China". The New York Times. In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China’s presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies .
  3. ↑ "Xi's here to stay: China leader tipped to outstay term". The Daily Mail. 9 August 2016. A lot of analysts now see it as a given" that Xi will seek to stay party general secretary, the country's most powerful post, said Christopher K. Johnson, a former CIA analyst and now China specialist at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies .
  4. ↑ "Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University". "Executive: The President of the Chinese Republic".
  5. ↑ "A simple guide to the Chinese government". South China Morning Post. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. .
  6. ↑ "Section 2, Article 80–81".
  7. ↑ "习近平频现身成常态 将回归"领导核心"？". Duowei News. 7 January 2014.
  8. ↑ "How the Chinese government works". South China Morning Post. Xi Jinping is the most powerful figure in China's political system, and his influence mainly comes from his position as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party .

See also

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