Omega Point

The Omega Point is a spiritual belief and a scientific speculation that everything in the universe is fated to spiral towards a final point of divine unification.[1] The term was coined by the French Jesuit Catholic priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955).[2] Teilhard argued that the Omega Point resembles the Christian Logos, namely Christ, who draws all things into himself, who in the words of the Nicene Creed, is "God from God", "Light from Light", "True God from true God", and "through him all things were made". In the Book of Revelation, Christ describes himself thrice as "the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end." The idea of the Omega Point is developed in later writings, such as those of John David Garcia (1971), Paolo Soleri (1981), Frank Tipler (1994), and David Deutsch (1997).[3][4][5]

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's theory

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 1947

Etymology

Teilhard de Chardin was a paleontologist and Roman Catholic priest in the Jesuit order. In France in the 1920s, he began incorporating his theories of the universe into lectures that placed Catholicism and evolution in the same conversation. Because of these lectures, he was suspected by the Holy Office of denying the doctrine of original sin. This caused Teilhard to be exiled to China and banned from publication by Church authorities. It was not until one year after his death, in 1955, that his writings were published for the world to read. His book, The Phenomenon of Man, has been dissected by astrophysicists and cosmologists to be a theological or philosophical theory that cannot be scientifically proven. Teilhard, who was not a cosmologist, opens his books with the statement:

... if this book is to be properly understood, it must be read not as a work on metaphysics, still less as a sort of theological essay, but purely and a simply as a scientific treatise.[6]

Evolution

Evolution does not end with mankind: Earth's biosphere evolved before humans existed. Teilhard describes evolution as earth's "hominization" in which one-cell organisms develop into metazoans, or animals, but some of the members of this classification develop organisms with complex nervous systems. This group has the capability to acquire intelligence. When Homo sapiens inhabited Earth through evolution, a noosphere, the cognitive layer of existence, was created. As evolution continues, the noosphere gains coherence. Teilhard refers to this process as "planetization". Eventually, the noosphere gains total dominance over the biosphere and reaches a point of complete independence from tangential energy forming a metaphysical being, coined the Omega Point.[7]

Energy

Energy exists in two basic modes:

  1. Tangential Energy: energy that can be measured by physics.
  2. Radial Energy: spiritual energy which accumulates into a higher state as time progresses.

Teilhard's misunderstanding of the second law of thermodynamics to not allow the evolution of energy into higher orders was the motivation for identifying a new realm of spiritual energy. He defines Radial Energy as becoming more concentrated and available as it is a critical element in man's evolution. The theory applies to all forms of matter, concluding that everything with existence has some sort of life. Modern scientists criticize this vitalism ideology as unscientific. In regard to Teilhard's The Phenomenon of Man, Peter Medawar wrote, "Teilhard's radial, spiritual, or psychic energy may be equated to 'information' or 'information content' in the sense that has been made reasonably precise by communication engineers."[8]

Formal properties

Teilhard's theory is maintained by four formal properties:

  1. Humans will escape the heat death of the universe. Scientifically, this means that intelligence cannot survive.[9] He theorizes that radial energy is non-compliant with entropy, it escapes the collapses of forces at world's end.
  2. The Omega Point does not exist within the timeline of the universe, it occurs at the exact edge of the end of time. From that point, all sequence of existence is sucked into its being.
  3. The Omega Point can be understood as a volume shaped as a cone in which each section taken from the base to its summit decreases until it diminishes into a final point.
  4. The volume described in the Third Property must be understood as an entity with finite boundaries. Teilhard explains:

"...what would have become of humanity, if, by some remote chance, it had been free to spread indefinitely on an unlimited surface, that is to say left only to the devices of its internal affinities? Something unimaginable.... Perhaps even nothing at all, when we think of the extreme important of the role played in its development by the forces of compression." [10]

Forces of compression

Teilhard calls the contributing universal energy that generates the Omega Point "forces of compression". Unlike the scientific definition, which incorporates gravity and mass, Teilhard's forces of compression sources from communication and contact between human beings. This value is limitless and directly correlated with entropy. It suggests that as humans continue to interact, consciousness evolves and grows. For the theory to occur, humans must also be bound to the finite earth. Creation of this boundary forces the world's convergence upon itself which he theorizes to result in time ending in communion with the Omega Point-God. This portion of Teilhard's thinking shows his lack of expectation for humans to engage in space travel and transcend past the borders of the planet.[11]

The Omega Point cosmology

Frank J. Tipler's multiverse theory

Mathematical physicist Frank Tipler generalizes[12] Teilhard's term Omega Point to describe what he maintains is the ultimate fate of the universe required by the laws of physics: roughly, Tipler argues that quantum mechanics is inconsistent unless the future of every point in spacetime contains an intelligent observer to collapse the wavefunction, and that the only way for this to happen is if the Universe is closed (that is, it will collapse to a single point) and yet contains observers with a "God-like" ability to perform an unbounded series of observations in finite time. However, scientists such as Lawrence Krauss have stated that Tipler's reasoning is erroneous on multiple levels, possibly to the point of being nonsensical pseudoscience.[13][14][15]

Theological controversy

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's life (1881–1955) falls directly in between Vatican Council I (1869) and Vatican Council 2 (1965), a time period where increasing global acceptance of evolution was forming a disconnect between modern humanity and the Roman Catholic Church. His time came shortly after Charles Darwin's 1859 book, On the Origin of Species, made a literal reading of the narrative of Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis impossible. The fear of modern science became an enormous focus on the Vatican's agenda.[16]

Pope Pius XII stated his concern on the theory of evolution, albeit without condemning it:

"If such a doctrine were to be spread, what will become of the unchangeable Catholic dogmas, what of the unity and the stability of the Creed?"[17]

Teilhard's theory was a personal attempt in creating a new Christianity in which science and theology coexist. The outcome was that his theory of the Omega Point was not perfectly scientific as examined by physicists, and not perfectly Christian either. By 1962, The Society of Jesus had strayed from Spanish Jesuit Priest Francisco Suarez's philosophies on Man in favor of "Teilhardian evolutionary cosmogenesis". Teilhard's Christ is the "Cosmic Christ" or the "Omega" of revelation. He is an emanation of God which is made of matter, and experienced the nature of evolution by being born into this world and dying. His resurrection from the dead was not to heaven, but to the noosphere, the area of convergence of all spirituality and spiritual beings, where Christ will be waiting at the end of time. When the earth reaches its Omega Point, everything that exists will become one with divinity.[18]

Teilhard reaffirms the role of the Church in the following letter to Auguste Valensin. It is important to note that he defines evolution as a scientific phenomenon set in motion by God – that science and the divine are interconnected and acting through one another:

"I believe in the Church, mediatrix between God and the world[.] ... The Church, the reflectively christified portion of the world, the Church, the principal focus of inter-human affinities through super-charity, the Church, the central axis of universal convergence and the precise point of contact between the universe and Omega Point. ... The Catholic Church, however, must not simply seek to affirm its primacy and authority but quite simply to present the world with the Universal Christ, Christ in human-cosmic dimension, as animator of evolution."[19]

Accelerating expansion of the universe

In 1998, a value measured from observations of Type 1a supernovae seemed to indicate that what was once assumed to be temporary cosmological expansion was actually accelerating.[20] The apparent acceleration has caused many to dismiss Tipler's Omega Point out of hand, since the necessity of a final big crunch singularity is key to the Omega Point's workability. However, Tipler himself believes that the Omega Point is still workable and has explained on multiple occasions why a big crunch/ final singularity is still required under many current universal models.[21][22]

Technological singularity

The technological singularity is the hypothetical advent of artificial general intelligence theoretically capable of recursive self-improvement, resulting in a runaway effect to an intelligence explosion.[23] Eric Steinhart, a proponent of "Christian transhumanism", argues there is significant overlap of ideas between the secular singularity and Teilhard's religious Omega Point.[3] Steinhart quotes Ray Kurzweil, one of the most prominent singularitarians, who stated that "evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never reaching this ideal."[3][24] Like Kurzweil, Teilhard predicts a period of rapid technological change that results in a merger of humanity and technology. He believes that this marks the birth of the noosphere and the emergence of the "spirit of the Earth," but the Teilhardian Singularity comes later. Unlike Kurzweil, Teilhard's singularity is marked by the evolution of human intelligence reaching a critical point in which humans ascend from "transhuman" to "posthuman". He identifies this with the Christian parousia.[3]

The Spanish painter Salvador Dali was fascinated by Teilhard de Chardin and the Omega Point theory. His 1959 painting The Ecumenical Council is said to represent the "interconnectedness" of the Omega Point.[25] Point Omega by Don DeLillo takes its name from the theory and involves a character who is studying Teilhard de Chardin [26] Flannery O'Connor's acclaimed collection of short stories taps the Omega Point theory in its title, "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and science fiction writer Frederik Pohl references Frank Tipler and the Omega Point in his 1998 short story "The Siege of Eternity".[27] Scottish writer/ counterculture figure Grant Morrison has used the Omega Point as a plot line in several of his Justice League of America and Batman stories.[28][29][30] Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter's The Light of Other Days references Teilhard de Chardin and includes a brief explanation of the Omega Point.[31]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Could artificial intelligence kill us off?". Newsweek. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Castillo, Mauricio (March 2012). "The Omega Point and Beyond: The Singularity Event" (PDF). American Journal of Neuroradiology. 33 (3): 393–5. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2664. PMID 21903920. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Steinhart, Eric (2008). "Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism". Journal of Evolution and Technology. 20 (1): 1–22. ISSN 1541-0099. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  4. ↑ Green, Ronald (2012). "Challenging Transhumanism's Values". Hastings Center Report. 43: 45–47. doi:10.1002/hast.195. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  5. ↑ Lilley, Stephen (2013). "Transcend or Transgress?". Hastings Center Report: 13–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4981-8_2. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  6. ↑ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (2008). The Phenomenon of Man. Translated by Wall, Bernard. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought. p. 29. ISBN 0061632651.
  7. ↑ Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The physics of immortality: modern cosmology, God, and the resurrection of the dead (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 113. ISBN 0385467990.
  8. ↑ Medawar, Sir Peter. "The Phenomenon of Man". bactra.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  9. ↑ Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The physics of immortality : modern cosmology, God, and the resurrection of the dead (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 111. ISBN 0385467990.
  10. ↑ Wall], Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ; with an introduction by Sir Julian Huxley ; [English translation by Bernard (2008). The phenomenon of man (1st Harper Perennial Modern Thought ed.). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought. p. 239. ISBN 0061632651.
  11. ↑ Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The physics of immortality : modern cosmology, God, and the resurrection of the dead (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 115. ISBN 0385467990.
  12. ↑ Tipler, Frank J. "The omega point as eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's questions for scientists." Zygon (journal) 24.2 (1989): 217–253. "Needless to say, the terminology is Teilhard de Chardin's..."
  13. ↑ Ellis, George Francis Rayner (1994). "Piety in the Sky" (PDF). Nature. 371 (6493): 115. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..115E. doi:10.1038/371115a0. It is a masterpiece of pseudoscience
  14. ↑ Krauss, Lawrence (May 2007). "More dangerous than nonsense". New Scientist. p. 53. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61199-3. I am tempted to describe Tipler's new book as nonsense—but that would be unfair to the concept of nonsense.
  15. ↑ "The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler". Skeptical Inquirer. 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2016. I began to wonder if the book could be a subtle, hilarious hoax. Sadly, it is not.
  16. ↑ Trennert-Helwig, Mathias (March 1995). "The Church as the Axis of Convergence in Teilhard's Theology and Life". Zygon. 30: 73–89.
  17. ↑ "6 "Si talis opinio amplectanda esse videatur, quidfiet de numquam immutandis catholias dogmatibus, quid de fidei unitale et stabuliat". L'Osservatore Romano. 19 September 1946.
  18. ↑ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1 January 1968). Science and Christ. Collins.
  19. ↑ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1948). "My Fundamental Vision". XI: 191–192.
  20. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15165371 BBC News. 2011-10-04.
  21. ↑ Q&A with Frank Tipler http://turingchurch.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-frank-j-tipler-nov-2002/
  22. ↑ Audio interview with Frank Tipler- White Gardenia interview with Frank Tipler, December 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMkp1kZN5n4&t=26s
  23. ↑ Chalmers, David. "The singularity: A philosophical analysis." Journal of Consciousness Studies 17.9-10 (2010): 7-65.
  24. ↑ Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. New York: Viking Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3. , pg 476; see also 375, 389-390
  25. ↑ National Gallery of Victoria Educational Resource. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/dali/salvador/resources/vce_FINAL.pdf
  26. ↑ DeLillo, Don (2010). Point Omega. Scribner.
  27. ↑ Pohl, Frederik (1998). The Siege of Eternity. Tor Science Fiction. ISBN 978-0812577662.
  28. ↑ Morrison, Grant- Sample page from Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #2 June 2010 DC Comics https://img.purch.com/o/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5uZXdzYXJhbWEuY29tL2ltYWdlcy9pLzAwMC8wNTUvNDczL29yaWdpbmFsL2JtcmJ3XzJfZHlsdXgtNC01LWNvcHkuanBn
  29. ↑ Morrison, Grant- Sample page from JLA Volume 3: The Rock of Ages https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/cmx-images-prod/Item/4697/Previews/da389cc1263a70a33f4e4dbf75b9e303._SX1280_QL80_TTD_.jpg
  30. ↑ Morrison, Grant- Sample page from Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #6 November 2010 DC Comics https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/cmx-images-prod/Item/18826/Previews/9b60a1eb22dfc4ff6a8b4fe745b232ab._SX1280_QL80_TTD_.jpg
  31. ↑ Clarke, Arthur c. (2001). The Light of Other Days. Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. p. 331. ISBN 0-812-57640-3.
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