Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center

Coordinates: 31°00′05″N 35°08′40″E / 31.0013°N 35.1445°E / 31.0013; 35.1445

The Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center as viewed from a Corona satellite in the late 1960s

The Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center (Hebrew: קריה למחקר גרעיני – נגב צ"ש שמעון פרס‎, formerly the Negev Nuclear Research Center, unofficially sometimes referred to as the Dimona reactor) is an Israeli nuclear installation located in the Negev desert, about thirteen kilometers south-east of the city of Dimona. In August 2018, it was renamed after the late President and Prime Minister of Israel, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shimon Peres.[1]

Construction of the facility began in 1958 and its heavy-water nuclear reactor went active sometime between 1962-1964. Israel claims that the nuclear reactor and research facility is for research purposes into atomic science.[2] However, the purpose of the reactor is believed to be the production of nuclear materials that may be used in Israel's nuclear weapons.[3] Information about the facility remains highly classified and with respect to nuclear weapons the country maintains a policy known as nuclear ambiguity—refusing either to confirm or deny their possession. Israel had produced its first nuclear weapons by 1967 and it has been estimated to possess anywhere between 80-400 nuclear weapons.[4]

The airspace over the Dimona facility is closed to all aircraft, and the area around it is heavily guarded and fenced off. During the Six-Day War, an Israeli missile shot down an Israeli Air Force Dassault Ouragan fighter that inadvertently flew over Dimona.[5][6]

History

Construction

Construction commenced in 1958, with French assistance according to the Protocol of Sèvres agreements.[7] The complex was constructed in secret, and outside the International Atomic Energy Agency inspection regime.[8] To maintain secrecy, French customs officials were told that the largest of the reactor components, such as the reactor tank, were part of a desalination plant bound for Latin America.[9] Estimates of the cost of construction vary; the only reliable figure is from Shimon Peres, who wrote in his 1995 memoir that he and David Ben-Gurion collected US $40 million, "half the price of a reactor ... [from] Israel's friends around the world."[10]

The Dimona reactor became critical sometime between 1962 and 1964, and with the plutonium produced there the Israel Defense Forces most probably had their first nuclear weapons ready before the Six-Day War.

Inspections

When the United States intelligence community discovered the purpose of the site in the early 1960s, the U.S. government demanded that Israel agree to international inspections. Israel agreed, but on the condition that U.S., rather than International Atomic Energy Agency, inspectors be used, and that Israel would receive advance notice of all inspections. Israel is one of three nations not to have signed the NPT (others are India and Pakistan, both of which have acknowledged having nuclear weapons), and alongside North Korea which left the NPT.[11]

Some claim that because Israel knew the schedule of the inspectors' visits, it was able to hide the illegal manufacture of nuclear weapons, thereby deceiving the inspectors, by installing temporary false walls and other devices before each inspection.[12] The inspectors eventually informed the U.S. government that their inspections were useless, due to Israeli restrictions on what areas of the facility they could inspect. By 1969 the U.S. believed that Israel might have a nuclear weapon,[13] and terminated inspections that year.

Jet aircraft take-down

The Dimona reactor was overflown by unidentified jet aircraft before the Six-Day War in 1967. These planes were thought at the time to be Egyptian Air Force MiG-21s, although a controversial 2007 book argues that they were actually Soviet MiG-25s.[14] During the war, an Israeli fighter jet damaged in a bombing raid over Jordan was shot down by air defenses protecting the reactor after straying over it, killing the pilot, Captain Yoram Harpaz.[15]

Nuclear weapons production

The full-scale production of nuclear warheads is believed to have commenced by 1966, with the Israel Defense Forces believed to be in possession of up to 13 operational nuclear warheads by 1967.[16]

Mordechai Vanunu revelations

Vanunu's photograph of a Negev Nuclear Research Center glove box containing nuclear materials in a model bomb assembly, one of about 60 photographs he later gave to the British press.

In 1986, Mordechai Vanunu, a former technician at Dimona, fled to the United Kingdom and revealed to the media some evidence of Israel's nuclear program and explained the purposes of each building, also revealing a top-secret underground facility directly below the installation. The Mossad, Israel's secret service, sent a female agent named Cheryl Bentov (née Hanin) who lured Vanunu to Italy, where he was kidnapped by Mossad agents and smuggled to Israel aboard a freighter. An Israeli court then tried him in secret on charges of treason and espionage, and sentenced him to eighteen years imprisonment. At the time of Vanunu's kidnapping, The Times reported that Israel had material for approximately 20 hydrogen bombs and 200 fission bombs by 1986. In the spring of 2004, Vanunu was released from prison, and placed under several strict restrictions, such as the denial of a passport, freedom of movement limitations and restrictions on communications with the press. Since his release, he has been rearrested and charged multiple times for violations of the terms of his release.[17][18]

Safety concerns

Safety concerns about the 55+ year-old reactor have been reported. In 2004, as a preventive measure, Israeli authorities distributed potassium iodide anti-radiation tablets to thousands of residents living nearby.[19]

In 2006 a group of local residents was formed due to concerns regarding serious threats to health and safety from living near the reactor.

Human experimentation

According to a lawsuit filed in Be'er Sheva Labor Tribunal, workers at the center were subjected to human experimentation in 1998. According to Julius Malick, the worker who submitted the lawsuit, they were given drinks containing uranium without medical supervision and without obtaining written consent or warning them about risks of side effects.[20] The lawsuit was rejected by the court and the worker's claims were dismissed.[21]

Attacks

In January 2012, media reports indicated that the Israel Atomic Energy Commission had decided to temporarily shut down the reactor. The site's vulnerability to attack from Iran was cited as the main reason for the decision.[22] In October and November 2012, it was reported that Hamas had fired rockets at Dimona and/or Negev Nuclear Research Center.[23][24] In July 2014 Hamas again fired rockets towards the area surrounding the reactor. The facility was not harmed or damaged in any of the attempted strikes.[25]

Declassified documents

In April 2016 the U.S. National Security Archive declassified dozens of documents from 1960 to 1970, which detail what American intelligence viewed as Israel’s attempts to obfuscate the purpose and details of its nuclear program. The Americans involved in discussions with Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and other Israelis believed the country was providing “untruthful cover” about intentions to build nuclear weapons.[26]

Conspiracy theories

John F. Kennedy

In 2004, Mordechai Vanunu stated that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was Israel's response to "pressure [Kennedy] exerted on...Ben-Gurion, to shed light on Dimona's nuclear reactor in Israel".[27] The Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi claimed during a United Nations General Assembly speech in 2009 that Israel had ordered the killing of President John F. Kennedy because Kennedy had wanted to investigate the Negev Nuclear Plant.[28][29]

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

Books

  • Cohen, Avner (1999). Israel and the Bomb. University Press of Columbia. ISBN 0-231-10483-9.
  • Cohen, Avner (2010). The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb. Columbia University Press.
  • Hersh, Seymour M. (1991). The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. Random House. ISBN 0-394-57006-5.

Journals

  • Burr, William; Cohen, Anver (2006). "Israel crosses the threshold". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 62 (3): 22–30. doi:10.2968/062003008.
  • Pinkus, Binyamin; Tlamim, Moshe (2002). "Atomic Power to Israel's Rescue: French-Israeli Nuclear Cooperation, 1949–1957". Israel Studies. 7 (1): 104–138. doi:10.1353/is.2002.0006. JSTOR 30246784.

News

  • Adaret, Ofer (21 April 2016). "Declassified: How Israel Misled the U.S. About Its Nuclear Program". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Ben-Gedalyahu, Tzvi (22 August 2013). "Rare Photos of Israeli Nuclear Research Center Released". Jewish Press. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Ginor, Isabella; Remez, Gideon (September 2007). "Foxbats Over Dimona: The Soviets' Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Lynfield, Ben (6 March 2011). "Gaddafi uses Israel to solidify his power". PRI. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  • Mahnaimi, Uzi (11 November 2007). "Israel on alert for Syria airstrike". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Mahnaimi, Uzi (8 January 2012). "Israelis to shut 'vulnerable' nuclear plant in Iran's sights". The Times. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Melman, Yossi (17 August 2009). "Ex-staffer at Dimona Nuclear Reactor Says Made to Drink Uranium". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Ronen, Gill (14 November 2012). "First-Ever Terror Rocket Fired at Dimona Nuclear Plant". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Timms, Dominic (12 November 2004). "Journalists condemn Israel for Vanunu arrest". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Documentary Says Israel Got Nuclear Weapons From France". Fox News. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Gadhafi points finger at Israel over JFK assassination". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  • "Hamas aims Grad at Dimona reactor – payback for Khartoum raid". Debka. 28 October 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Israel distributes radiation pills to residents near nuclear reactor". ABC News. 8 August 2004. Archived from the original on 10 August 2004. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Israel stops rocket from hitting Dimona nuclear facility". israelNews.net. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "MIDDLE EAST: Violent Week: The Politics of Death". Time. 12 April 1976. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Mordechai Vanunu placed under house arrest after giving TV interview". The Guardian. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Vanunu warns Israel of 'second Chernobyl' risk". Sunday Morning Herald. 26 July 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

Online sources

  • Aftergood, Steven; Kristensen, Hans M. (8 January 2007). "Nuclear Weapons - Israel". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Burr, William; Cohen, Avner (28 June 2013). "Israel's Quest for Yellowcake: The Secret Argentina-Israel Connection, 1963-1966". Wilson Center. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Cohen, Avner (3 October 2013). "The Avner Cohen Collection". Wilson Center. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • Kintner, Edwin E. "The Avner Cohen Collection". Wilson Center. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "Nuclear Research Center NEGEV". Israel Atomic Energy Commission. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  • "2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (NPT)". UN. 2–27 May 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
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