Nebuchadnezzar II

Nabû-kudurri-usur
King of Babylon
An engraving with a royal inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II. Anton Nyström, 1901.[1]
Reign c. 605 – c. 562 BC
Predecessor Nabopolassar
Successor Amel-Marduk
Born c. 634 BC
Died c. 562 BC (aged 71–72)
Spouse Amytis of Media
House Chaldean
Father Nabopolassar

Nebuchadnezzar II (/ˌnɛbjʊkədˈnɛzər/; from Akkadian 𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀 dNabû-kudurri-uṣur; Hebrew: נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר‬, Modern Nəvūkádne’ṣar, Tiberian Neḇukáḏné’ṣār), meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.[2][3]

Life

Building Inscription of King Nebuchadnezar II at the Ishtar Gate. An abridged excerpt says: "I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone. Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bulls and dragons and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendor for all mankind to behold in awe."
Detail of a terracotta cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, recording the building and reconstruction works at Babylon. 604–562 BC. From Babylon, Iraq, housed in the British Museum

Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, an Assyrian official who rebelled and established himself as king of Babylon in 620 BC; the dynasty he established ruled until 539 BC, when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great.[4][5] Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607 BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy Assyria, at which point he was already crown prince.[6] In 605 BC he and his ally Cyaxares, ruler of the Medes and Persians, led an army against the Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing Battle of Carchemish, Necho II was defeated and Syria and Phoenicia were brought under the control of Babylon.[7]

Government in throne

Nabopolassar died in August 605 BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne.[8] For the next few years, his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4 BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself.[9] In 594/3 BC, the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of Psammetichus II to the throne of Egypt.[9] King Zedekiah of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region but his capital, Jerusalem, was taken in 587 BC (the events are described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah).[10]

In the following years, Nebuchadnezzar incorporated Phoenicia and the former Assyrian provinces of Cilicia (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt.[11]

In his last years, Nebuchadnezzar seems to have begun behaving irrationally, "pay[ing] no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons.[12] The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and Nabonidus, apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great less than twenty-five years after Nebuchadnezzar's death.

The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon are spread over two thousand acres, forming the largest archaeological site in the Middle East.[13] He enlarged the royal palace (including in it a public museum, possibly the world's first), built and repaired temples, built a bridge over the Euphrates, and constructed a grand processional boulevard (the Processional Way) and gateway (the Ishtar Gate) lavishly decorated with glazed brick.[14] Each spring equinox (the start of the New Year), the god Marduk would leave his city temple for a temple outside the walls, returning through the Ishtar Gate and down the Processional Way, paved with colored stone and lined with molded lions, amidst rejoicing crowds.[12]

Portrayal in the Bible

Daniel Interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's Dream

The Babylonian king's two sieges of Jerusalem (in 597 and 587 BCE) are depicted in 2 Kings 24–25. The Book of Jeremiah calls Nebuchadnezzar the "destroyer of nations" (Jer. 4:7) and gives an account of the second siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the First Temple (Jer. 39:1–10; 52:1–30).

Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the Book of Daniel, a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC.[15] Daniel 1 introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, there to be trained in "the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans". In Nebuchadnezzar's second year, Daniel interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom (Daniel 2). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first after Yahweh saves three of Daniel's companions from a fiery furnace (Daniel 3) and secondly after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted (Daniel 4). The consensus among modern scholars is that the book of Daniel is historical fiction.[16][17][18]

Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources

According to Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, was of Persian descent, from the progeny of Jūdharz; however, modern scholars are unanimous that he was either a native Mesopotamian (Assyrian-Babylonian) or a Chaldean. Some medieval writers erroneously believed he lived as long as 300 years.[19] While much of what is written about Nebuchadnezzar depicts a ruthless warrior, some texts describe a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.[20]

Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Islamic texts and historical compilations, like Al-Tabari. The Babylonian leader used force and destruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including Phoenicia, Philistia, Judah, Ammon, Moab, and more.[21] The most notable events that Tabari’s collection focuses on is the destruction of Jerusalem.[19]

René-Antoine Houasse's 1676 painting Nebuchadnezzar giving royal order to your subjects the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to Please his Consort Amyitis

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
  2. ↑ Freedman 2000, p. 953.
  3. ↑ "Nebuchadnezzar II". ancient.eu. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  4. ↑ Bertman 2005, p. 95.
  5. ↑ Oates 1997, p. 162.
  6. ↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 182.
  7. ↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 182–183.
  8. ↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 183.
  9. 1 2 Wiseman 1991a, p. 233.
  10. ↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 233–234.
  11. ↑ Wiseman 1991a, p. 235–236.
  12. 1 2 Foster 2009, p. 131.
  13. ↑ Arnold 2005, p. 96.
  14. ↑ Bertman 2005, p. 96.
  15. ↑ Collins 2002, p. 2.
  16. ↑ Collins 1999, p. 219.
  17. ↑ Redditt 2008, p. 180.
  18. ↑ Collins 1984, p. 41: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
  19. 1 2 Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr Aṭ- (1987). The History of Al-Tabarī. State Univ. of New York Pr. pp. 43–70.
  20. ↑ Wiseman, D.J. (1985). Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford.
  21. ↑ Tabouis, G.R. (1931). Nebuchadnezzar. Whittlesey House. p. 3.

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Preceded by
Nabopolassar		 King of Babylon
605 BC – 562 BC		 Succeeded by
Amel-Marduk
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