NHS Scotland

NHS Scotland

Many central functions of NHS Scotland are housed at the Scottish Government's Victoria Quay building in Leith, Edinburgh.
Public healthcare service overview
Formed 1948
Preceding agencies
Jurisdiction Scotland
Headquarters St Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh, EH1 3DG
Employees 160,000
Annual budget £12.2 billion (2015-16)
Minister responsible
Deputy Ministers responsible
Public healthcare service executive
  • Paul Gray, Director-General Health and Social Care and Chief Executive of NHSScotland
Parent department Health and Social Care Directorates
Child agencies
Key documents
Website www.scot.nhs.uk

NHS Scotland, sometimes styled NHSScotland, is the publicly funded healthcare system in Scotland. It operates 14 territorial NHS Boards across Scotland, seven special non-geographic health boards and NHS Health Scotland.

At the founding of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom, three separate institutions were created in Scotland, England and Wales and Northern Ireland. The NHS in Scotland was accountable to the Secretary of State for Scotland rather than the Secretary of State for Health as in England and Wales. Prior to 1948, a publicly funded healthcare system, the Highlands and Islands Medical Service, had been established in Scotland in 1913, recognising the geographical and demographic challenges of delivering healthcare in that region.

Following Scottish devolution in 1999, Health and social care policy and funding became devolved to the Scottish Parliament. It is currently administered through the Health and Social Care Directorates of the Scottish Government.

The current Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport is Jeane Freeman and the head of staff is the Director-General Health and Social Care and Chief Executive of NHS Scotland, Paul Gray.[1]

Budget

NHS Scotland had an operating budget of £12.2 billion in 2015–16.[2]

Health and social care are devolved issues in the United Kingdom and the separate public healthcare bodies of Scotland, England and Wales are each commonly referred to as "National Health Service". The NHS in Scotland was created as an administratively separate organisation in 1948 under the ministerial oversight of the Scottish Office, before being politically devolved in 1999. This separation of powers and financing is not always apparent to the general public due to the co-ordination and co-operation where cross-border emergency care is involved.

Workforce

Approximately 160,000 staff work across 14 regional NHS Boards, seven Special NHS Boards and one public health body,[3] More than 12,000 of these healthcare staff are engaged under independent contractor arrangements. Descriptions of staff numbers can be expressed as headcount and by Whole-Time Equivalent (WTE) which is an estimate that helps to take account of full and part-time work patterns.

Scotland's healthcare workforce includes:

Origins and history

Before 1948

Prior to the creation of NHS in Scotland in 1948, the state was involved with the provision of healthcare, though it was not universal. Half of Scotland’s landmass was already covered by the Highlands and Islands Medical Service, a state-funded health system run directly from Edinburgh, which had been set up 35 years earlier. In addition, there had been a substantial state-funded hospital building programme during the war years. Scotland also had its own distinctive medical tradition, centred on its medical schools rather than private practice, and a detailed plan for the future of health provision based on the Cathcart report.[8]

Development of a National Health Service

Following the publication of the Beveridge Report in 1942, the UK Government responded with a white paper, A National Health Service (Cmd. 6502) in 1944 led by the Conservative MP and Minister for Health Henry Willink. In its introduction, the white paper laid out the Government's intention to have the new health service operate in Scotland--

"The decision to establish the new service applies, of course, to Scotland as well as to England and Wales and the present Paper is concerned with both countries. The differing circumstances of Scotland are bound to involve certain differences of method and of organisation, although not of scope or of object ... Throughout the Paper references to the Minister should normally be construed as references to the Minister of Health in the case of England and Wales and the Secretary of State for Scotland in the case of Scotland."

Founding of the NHS in Scotland

The UK Parliament passed the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947, which came into effect on 5 July 1948.[9] This foundational legislation has since been superseded.

This Act provided a uniform national structure for services which had previously been provided by a combination of the Highlands and Islands Medical Service, local government, charities and private organisations which in general was only free for emergency use. The new system was funded from central taxation and did not generally involve a charge at the time of use for services concerned with existing medical conditions or vaccinations carried out as a matter of general public health requirements; prescription charges were a later introduction in 1951.

Health Boards

Current provision of healthcare is the responsibility of 14 geographically based local NHS Boards and 7 National Special Health Boards.

Proposals for the establishment of 15 NHS Boards were announced by the Scottish Executive Health Department in December 2000.[10] Further details about the role and function of the unified NHS health boards were provided in May 2001.[11] From 1 October 2001 each geographical Health Board area had a single NHS Board that was responsible for improving health and health services across their local area, replacing the previous decision-making structures of 43 separate boards and trusts.[12]

In April 2004, Scotland's health care system became an integrated service under the management of NHS Boards. Local authority nominees were added to Board membership to improve co-ordination of health and social care. The remaining 16 Trusts were dissolved from 1 April 2004.[13] Hospitals are now managed by the acute division of the NHS Board. Primary care services such as GPs and pharmacies would continue to be contracted through the NHS Board, but from 2004 were considered part of the remit of Community Health Partnerships (CHPs), structures based largely on local authority boundaries and including local authority membership of their Boards. By April 2014, there were new joint working arrangements in place between the NHS boards and Local Authorities came into effect that also included responsibility for social care. There new organisations, which took over from CHPs are called Health and Social Care Partnerships (HSCPs).

NHS Scotland Health Boards
No Name Areas covered
1 NHS Ayrshire and Arran East Ayrshire, North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire
2 NHS Borders Scottish Borders
3 NHS Dumfries and Galloway Dumfries and Galloway
4 NHS Western Isles (Gaelic: Bòrd SSN nan Eilean Siar) Outer Hebrides
5 NHS Fife Fife
6 NHS Forth Valley Clackmannanshire, Falkirk, Stirling
7 NHS Grampian Aberdeenshire, City of Aberdeen, Moray
8 NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde City of Glasgow, East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Renfrewshire, West Dunbartonshire, North Lanarkshire (part), South Lanarkshire (part)
9 NHS Highland Highland, Argyll and Bute
10 NHS Lanarkshire North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire
11 NHS Lothian City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian, West Lothian
12 NHS Orkney Orkney Islands
13 NHS Shetland Shetland Islands
14 NHS Tayside Angus, City of Dundee, Perth and Kinross
Map of the territorial Health Boards

Elections to non-executive positions on Health Boards

In January 2008, the Scottish Government announced plans for legislation to bring in direct elections as a way to select people for non-executive positions on Health Boards.[14] The Health committee of the Scottish Parliament had supported plans for directly elected members as a way that might improve public representation.[15]

Former Health Boards

NHS Argyll and Clyde now no longer operates. Its responsibilities were shared between NHS Highland and NHS Greater Glasgow on 1 April 2006, and the latter was renamed NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. The part of the NHS Argyll and Clyde area which transferred to NHS Highland corresponds to the Argyll and Bute council area.

Special Health Boards

Local Health Boards are supported by a number of non-geographical Special Health Boards providing national services (some of which have further publicised subdivisions), including:

  • NHS Health Scotland[16] (Public health and health education)
  • Healthcare Improvement Scotland[17]
  • Scottish Ambulance Service[18] (The single public emergency ambulance service in Scotland)
  • The Golden Jubilee National Hospital[19] is a special NHS Board in Scotland with the purpose of reducing waiting times using a single modern hospital located at Clydebank. It was previously a private sector hospital built at a cost of £180 million, but was bought in 2002 by the Scottish Executive for £37.5 million after it failed to produce a profit despite being established with the help of a subsidy provided by a previous government.[20]
  • The State Hospitals Board for Scotland[21] is responsible for the State Hospital at Carstairs, which provides high security services for mentally disordered offenders and others who pose a high risk to themselves or others.
  • NHS24 runs a telephone advice and triage service that cover the out of hours period, more recently also providing a national telehealth service.[22]
  • NHS Education for Scotland[23] (training and e-library)
  • NHS National Services Scotland[24] It is the common name for the Common Services Agency (CSA) providing services for NHS Scotland boards.

Other divisions

Other subdivisions of the Scottish NHS include:-

Health Protection Scotland (Part of NHS National Services Scotland responsible for health protection)

Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service

Central Register

The Central Register keeps records of patients resident in Scotland who have been registered with any of the health systems of the United Kingdom.[25] It is maintained by the Registrar General. Its purposes include keeping GPs' patient lists up to date, the control of new NHS numbers issued in Scotland and assisting with medical research.

Patient identification

Scottish patients are identified using a ten-digit number known as the CHI Number.[26] These are used to uniquely identify individuals, avoiding problems such as where health records of people with similar birth dates and names may be confused, or where ambiguously spelled or abbreviated names may lead to one patient having several different health records. In addition, CHI numbers are quoted in all clinical correspondence to ensure that there is no uncertainty over the patient in question. A similar system of NHS reference numbers has since been instituted by NHS England and Wales.

Overseeing and representative bodies

The Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland is an independent statutory body which protects people with a psychological disorder who are not able to look after their own interests. It is funded through the Scottish Government Health Department, and follows the same financial framework as the NHS in Scotland.

The Scottish Health Council took over from local Health Councils on 31 March 2005.[27]

Quality of healthcare

There are various regulatory bodies in Scotland, as is the case throughout the UK, both government-based (e.g., Scottish Government Health Directorates, Nursing and Midwifery Council) and non-governmental-based (e.g., General Medical Council, Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and Faculties in Scotland).

Recent developments

In 2000, the NHS boards were starting to help out researchers with their studies. The Scottish Dental Practice Board, for example, was helping out a study which looked at the significance of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The SDPB shared 128 subjects with these researchers for analysis.[28]

The Western Infirmary in Glasgow.

The SNP government, elected in May 2007, made it clear that it opposed the use of partnerships between the NHS and the private sector.[29] Health Secretary Nicola Sturgeon voiced opposition to what she termed the "creeping privatisation" of the NHS, and called an end to the use of public money to help the private sector "compete" with the NHS.[30]

In September 2008, the Scottish Government announced that parking charges at hospitals were to be abolished except 3 where the car parks were managed under a private finance initiative scheme:[31]

Prescription charges were abolished in Scotland in 2011. Alex Neil defended the abolition in 2017 saying that restoring the charge would be a false economy, "Given that it costs on average £4,500 per week to keep patients in an acute hospital in Scotland, it’s actually cheaper to keep them at home and give them the drugs to prevent them going into hospital."[32]

Primary Care

It was agreed in August 2014 that GPs in Scotland would have a separate contract with negotiations taking place which would come into force from 2017/18. It is proposed that they should give up employing practice staff and move ‘as far towards salaried model as possible without losing independent status’.[33]

Performance

In 2014 the Nuffield Trust and the Health Foundation produced a report comparing the performance of the NHS in the four countries of the UK since devolution in 1999. They included data for the North East of England as an area more similar to the devolved areas than the rest of England. They found that there was little evidence that any one country was moving ahead of the others consistently across the available indicators of performance. There had been improvements in all four countries in life expectancy and in rates of mortality amenable to health care. Despite the hotly contested policy differences between the four countries there was little evidence, where there was comparable data, of any significant differences in outcomes. The authors also complained about the increasingly limited set of comparable data on the four health systems of the UK.[34]

In 2014/2015 more than 7,500 NHS patients were treated in private hospitals in order to meet waiting times targets.[35]

Dr Peter Bennie, of the British Medical Association, attacked the decision to release weekly reports on the Accident and Emergency 4 hour wait target in June 2015. In June 2015 92.2% of patients were admitted or discharged within 4 hours against a target of 95%. He said "The publication of these weekly statistics completely misses the point and diverts attention from the real issues in our health service."[36]

The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and Faculties in Scotland produced a report entitled "Learning from serious failings in care" in July 2015. The investigation was launched after concerns about high death rates and staffing problems at Monklands Hospital, a clostridium difficile outbreak at the Vale of Leven Hospital and concerns about patient safety and care at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. The report found the problems had been predominantly caused by the failure of clinical staff and NHS management to work together.[37] They found leadership and accountability were often lacking but bullying was endemic. Their 20 recommendations for improvements in the NHS included a set of minimum safe staffing levels for consultants, doctors, nurses and other staff in hospital settings. They criticised a target driven culture, saying: "Quality care must become the primary influence on patient experience... and the primary indicator of performance."[38]

In January 2017 the British Medical Association said that the health service in Scotland was "stretched pretty much to breaking point" and needed an increase in funding of at least 4% "just to stand still".[39] The service missed seven out of eight performance targets in 2016/7. There was a 99% increase in the number of people waiting more than 12 weeks for an outpatient appointment. Drug-related deaths were the highest in the European Union.[40]

Boundary issues

The divergent administration of the NHS between England and Scotland has created problems for patients who live close to the border. The Coldstream medical practice has about 1400 patients who live in England. They benefit from the Scottish free prescriptions because they are "deemed to be in the Scottish healthcare system" so long as they are delivered through a Scottish pharmacy. However, there has been no agreement about the reimbursement of hospital charges for patients who cross the border for hospital treatment. In 2013 633 Northumberland patients crossed into Scotland for treatment at the Borders General Hospital.[41]

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust complained in June 2015 that commissioners outside England use a "burdensome" prior approval process, where a funding agreement is needed before each stage of treatment. At the end of 2014-15 the trust was owed more than £2.3m for treating patients from outside England. A survey by the Health Service Journal suggested there was £21m of outstanding debt relating to patients from the devolved nations treated in the last three years, against total invoicing of £315m by English NHS trusts.[42] Funding was approved for 625 referrals outside Scotland in 2016/17, up from 427 in 2013/14. The cost rose from £11.9 million in 2013/14 to £15.2 million in 2016/17.[43]

Overseas patients

Patients who are not entitled to free NHS treatment because they are not ordinarily resident in the UK are supposed to pay for their treatment. Not all of this money is collected. £347,089 was owed to NHS Lothian by 28 patients in 2016/7, compared with £47,755 owed by fewer than five patients the previous year. In Greater Glasgow and Clyde the number of overseas patients treated rose from 67 in 2014/15 to 99. A total of £423,326 is owed to the health board and about £1.2 million across Scotland.[44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Strategic Board of the Scottish Government". Scottish Government. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  2. ↑ NHS in Scotland 2016 (PDF) (Report). Audit Scotland. October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  3. ↑ "About Us: NHSScotland". Scottish Government. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  4. ↑ "NHS Scotland Workforce Data as at 31 December 2013" (PDF). ISD Scotland. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  5. ↑ "Primary Care Workforce Survey 2013 - A survey of Scottish general practices and GP Out of Hours Services" (PDF). ISD Scotland. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  6. ↑ "General Practice – GP Workforce and Practice Population Statistics 2013" (PDF). ISD Scotland. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  7. ↑ "Health and Social Care: NHS workforce: Pharmacists: Pharmacy". Scottish Government. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  8. ↑ "Birth of NHS Scotland: What made Scotland different?". Our NHS Scotland. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "New Health Service Begins Today. 400 Hospitals Taken Over in Scotland". The Glasgow Herald. 5 July 1948. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  10. ↑ "Our National Health: A plan for action, a plan for change" (PDF). Scottish Executive Health Department. December 2000. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  11. ↑ "Rebuilding our National Health Service" (PDF). Scottish Executive Health Department. May 2001. Retrieved 11 Aug 2014.
  12. ↑ "New chapter for NHS - Health Minister" (Press release). Scottish Executive Health Department. 1 October 2001. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  13. ↑ "Dissolution of NHS Trusts" (Press release). Scottish Executive Health Department. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  14. ↑ "Health Board elections outlined". BBC News. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  15. ↑ "Press release: Health Committee supports introduction of Health Board elections". Scottish Parliament. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  16. ↑ "NHS Health Scotland". Healthscotland.com. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  17. ↑ "NHS Quality Improvement Scotland". Nhshealthquality.org. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  18. ↑ "Scottish Ambulance Service". Scottishambulance.com. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  19. ↑ "Golden Jubilee National Hospital". Gjnh.scot.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  20. ↑ "(Scottish Parliament Official Report 20 June 2002)". Scottish.parliament.uk. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  21. ↑ "State Hospitals Board for Scotland". Show.scot.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  22. ↑ "NHS 24 Explained". NHS 24. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  23. ↑ "NHS Education for Scotland". Nes.scot.nhs.uk. 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  24. ↑ "NHS National Services Scotland". Nhsnss.org. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  25. ↑ "National Health Service Central Register: About the Register". General Registrar Office for Scotland. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  26. ↑ "National Committee Services: CHI Advisory Group: About Us". Scottish Health Service Centre. NHS National Services Scotland. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  27. ↑ "Scottish Health Council". Scottish Health Council. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  28. ↑ Kerr, W. J. S (June 2000). "Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliances in the General Dental Service in Scotland". Journal of Orthodontics. 27 (2): 175–180. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  29. ↑ "Future of the NHS in Scotland" (Press release). Scottish government. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "Plans to end private cash for NHS". BBC News. BBC. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  31. ↑ "NHS car parking charges abolished". BBC News. BBC. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  32. ↑ "Free prescriptions 'save NHS money' despite bill for ageing and obesity". Herald Scotland. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  33. ↑ "GPs to move 'as close to salaried as possible' under radical plan to reduce workload in Scotland". Pulse. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  34. ↑ Bevan, Gwyn; Mays, Nicholas (11 April 2014). "The four health systems of the UK: How do they compare?". Nuffield Trust. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  35. ↑ "NHS spends millions in private sector despite SNP 'clampdown'". Herald Scotland. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  36. ↑ "BMA Scotland criticises NHS waiting times 'obsession'". BBC News. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "NHS accused of 'systemic failings'". Edinburgh News. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "Report warns patients put at risk by failings in NHS". Herald Scotland. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  39. ↑ "BMA: Scotland's NHS is stretched to 'breaking point'". BBC News. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  40. ↑ "Patients in Scotland waiting longer as NHS misses seven out of ten performance targets". Pharmaceutical Journal. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  41. ↑ "Scottish independence vote threatens seamless healthcare on the border". Guardian. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  42. ↑ "English trust to take hard line on payments for Scottish, Welsh and Irish patients". Health Service Journal. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  43. ↑ "Rise in NHS patients being sent outwith Scotland for specialist treatment". Evening Express. 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  44. ↑ "Overseas patients fail to pay £1.2m bill for NHS treatment". Scotsman. 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.