Mitchell Camera

The Mitchell Camera Corporation was founded in 1919 by Americans Henry Boeger and George Alfred Mitchell as the National Motion Picture Repair Co. Their first camera was designed and patented by John E. Leonard in 1917, from 1920 on known as the Mitchell Standard. Features included a planetary gear-driven variable shutter (US Patent No 1,297,703) and a unique rack-over design (US Pat No 1,297,704).

Mitchell supplied camera intermittent movements for Technicolor's Three-Strip camera (1932), and such movements for others' 65mm and VistaVision conversions before later making complete 65mm and VistaVision cameras (normal and high speed).

Mitchell also made a pin-registered background plate projector with a carbon arc lamphouse which was synchronized with the film camera. One of the first MPRPPs (Mitchell Pin Registered Process Projector) was used in Gone with the Wind. Two- and three-headed background projectors evolved for VistaVision effects.

George Mitchell received an Academy Honorary Award in 1952.[1] The Mitchell Camera Company received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 1939,[2] 1966[3] and 1968.[4]

Models

  • Mitchell Standard 35mm camera - The original Mitchell rackover pin-registered studio camera, introduced in 1920 as a hand-cranked silent film camera. (The rackover device allowed the camera portion with its side-mounted viewfinder to be "racked over" upon its base by turning a handle on the rear of the camera base. By racking to the right, the operator would focus the lens upon a ground glass element seen through the viewfinder. By racking back to the left, the camera with its film would be brought into position to record the view of the now focused lens. This standard model came with a 4-lens turret, a matte box on rails mounted to the front of the camera, and options included a veeder film footage counter, behind the lens iris, 4-way adjustable frame mattes, automatic or hand dissolve, internal matte disk with 9 pre-cut mattes including 1/2 frame, circles, keyhole, binocular, and oval. Various improvements and available options on this model took place over subsequent years, including a frames-per-second film speed meter, addition of a side-view parallax finder with upright view, various electric motors including variable speed, constant speed, and synchronized motors. The talking pictures introduced in 1926 soon required this somewhat noisy camera to run quieter with the so-called "silent" film movements, and soon thereafter a higher-speed "silent" movement and follow-focus devices were made available.
  • Mitchell FC 70mm Fox Grandeur camera - Introduced in 1929, this camera was an early widescreen attempt. The original 1929 Mitchell 70mm FC cameras are not to be confused with the later Mitchell 65mm Model FC and BFC 1957 cameras. The original Mitchell FC Fox Grandeur 70mm camera is an enlarged version of the late 1920s Mitchell Standard model camera. The FC Fox Grandeur camera was adapted to accept 4-perf 70mm film stock. These cameras were originally developed in 1928 and ordered from Mitchell Camera Corporation by William Fox through his Fox-Case Corporation (developer of "MovieTone" sound on film). It is unknown if the "FC" model designation originally stood for Fox-Case or Fox Camera. After a prototype was produced in 1928, the first Mitchell 70mm FC Fox Grandeur production cameras were delivered to William Fox's Fox Film Studios in May 1929. Four additional Mitchell FC Grandeur cameras were delivered to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in February 1930, and one additional Mitchell FC Grandeur camera was delivered to Feature Productions in 1930. Only a few widescreen feature films had been produced in the 70mm Grandeur format, including the Fox MovieTone Follies of 1929, Happy Days, Song O' My heart, and the final Fox Grandeur film, The Big Trail (Oct 1930, featuring 23 year old John Wayne in his first starring role), as well as MGM produced two features; their "Realife" productions of Billy The Kid 1930, and The Great Meadow 1931. The Great Depression, along with the costs of upgrading theaters to widescreen that were yet upgrading from silent to sound, spelled the end of widescreen until more than 20 years later when nearly all of the original Mitchell FC Grandeur cameras were sought out to be retooled and modified in the 1950s to become 65mm Todd-AO, MGM 65, Ultra Panavision 70 cameras, etc. Only 2 Mitchell FC 70mm Fox Grandeur cameras from the 1929/1930 70mm Fox Grandeur widescreen attempt are still known to exist in original unmodified condition. Later versions of this 70mm camera were supplied to the US Military in the 1940s/50s.
  • Mitchell GC - Introduced in 1940, and based on the Standard model, but without the studio special effects, a High-speed camera system, able to run at variable speeds up to 128 frames per second
  • Mitchell NC/BNC ("Newsreel Camera"/"Blimped Newsreel Camera") - Improved model designed for production sound-shooting, introduced in 1932. This camera became the de facto standard for Hollywood Production for the greater part of the century. Mitchell NC and BNC camera heads became "donors" for Cinema Products Corporation XR35 cameras, which incorporated many of CP's improvements to the basic Mitchell production sound camera, and which were formerly available as separate features from CP. Three Mitchell BNC cameras were employed by Desilu Productions in the groundbreaking multiple-camera setup used to film its CBS-TV situation comedy I Love Lucy.
  • Mitchell SS - Single-system camera - Used mainly by the U.S. Army Signal Corps units during WW-II; was a highly modified NC which included an RCA optical sound recording galvanometer and a "sound translation point" which was separate from the camera's main film drive sprocket.
  • Mitchell VistaVision camera - Production camera for sound shooting using Paramount's VistaVision process (The Ten Commandments, 1956 and later; earlier VistaVision productions used converted Stein and/or converted Technicolor Three-Strip cameras). VistaVision was used by George Lucas in Star Wars for its larger negative while avoiding costly 65mm special-effects shots.
  • Mitchell FC/BFC ("Fox Camera"/"Blimped Fox Camera") - Not to be confused with the original 1929 Mitchell FC Fox 70mm Grandeur camera, this is an updated 65mm version of the 35mm NC and BNC. It was introduced with Fox's improved Todd-AO system (South Pacific, 1957, and later)
  • Mitchell R35 camera - a pin-registered, hand-holdable and tripod-mountable reflex 35mm camera with multiple magazine mounting positions and an available sound blimp. Proprietary R35 lens mount. Succeeded by the R35R (industry-standard BNCR mount) and the R35RC (BNCR mount and crystal-controlled motor).
  • Mitchell NCR/BNCR camera - Reflex version of NC/BNC
  • Mitchell 16 camera - a pin-registered 16mm camera with the versatility of the Standard, and the high speed of the GC
  • Mitchell R16 camera - a pin-registered reflex 16mm camera which was relatively silent and was available in double-system (Model R16DS) and single-system (Model R16SS) models for newsgathering and newsfilm production. This relatively expensive model found use mainly with CBS's 60 Minutes. The single-system model incorporated a Davis (tight) Loop drive system, unique in all single-system production cameras. The double-system model simply eliminated the Davis (tight) Loop drive system, and the lower sprocket, thereby reducing the complexity of the internal gearing and lowering the camera's acoustic noise signature.
  • Mitchell Tripod - Wood base tripod introduced about 1920, this tripod was manufactured and sold by Mitchell until the 1970s with very little change, other than the addition of a "Baby" shorter version introduced in 1928.
  • Mitchell Hand Cranked Pan/Tilt Head - Introduced with the above tripod about 1920, and known through the 1920s as the Mitchell Standard Tripod Head.
  • Mitchell Friction Pan/Tilt Head - Introduced 1928, very quickly became the standard professional motion picture camera pan/tilt tripod head, replacing earlier hand-cranked types.

Licensed Derivatives

Certain early models were licensed to Newall in the U.K.

Unlicensed Derivatives

Certain models were copied in whole or in part by the U.S.S.R., mostly models which were intended for filming animation or special effects process plates, or for high-speed filming. In a few cases, the U.S.S.R. added spinning mirror-shutter reflex focusing and viewing, thereby deleting the Mitchell-designed rackover focusing mechanism and the Mitchell-designed side viewer.

Though the Eastern Bloc standard for camera film is Kodak Standard perforations, that standard was rejected by the very Bloc which proposed it. U.S.S.R. professional cameras consequently require film stocks that are incompatible with Western Bloc camera film, which always uses Bell & Howell perforations.

Eastern Bloc (KS) camera film will pass undamaged through a Western Bloc (BH) professional camera, but the images will not be registered accurately. Conversely, Western Bloc (BH) camera film will not pass undamaged through a U.S.S.R. professional camera (KS), as the perforations used for registration will be damaged.

16mm and 65/70mm films were standardized late in the standardization cycle so these U.S.S.R. cameras in these gauges are indeed compatible with Western Bloc camera films.

Legacy

Production (sound) models in 16mm, 35mm (4- and 2-perf) and 65mm (5-perf) served as a basis for early Panavision cameras in those gauges.

Literature

  • Ira B. Hoke: "Mitchell Camera Nears Majority". In: American Cinematographer, December 1938, page 495 f.
  • L. Sprague Anderson: "Mitchell, the Standard". In: Society of Camera Operators Magazine. www.soc.org/magazine.html

References

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