Miombo

Miombo forest on the Nyika Plateau, Tanzania

Miombo is the vernacular word for Brachystegia, a genus of tree comprising a large number of tree species together with Julbernadia species in woodlands[1]. Miombo woodland is classified in the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome (in the World Wildlife Fund scheme). The biome includes four woodland savanna ecoregions (listed below) characterized by the predominant presence of miombo species, with a range of climates from humid to semi-arid, and tropical to subtropical or even temperate.

Characteristically the trees shed their leaves for a short period in the dry season to reduce water loss, and produce a flush of new leaves just before the onset of the rainy season with rich gold and red colours masking the underlying chlorophyll, reminiscent of temperate autumn colours.

The name miombo is used in a number of Bantu languages in the region such as Swahili, Shona and Bemba. In Bemba, the word "miombo" is the plural of the word "muombo", which is the specific name for the species Brachystegia longifolia.

Miombo woodland ecoregions

Miombo woodlands form a broad belt across south-central Africa, running from Angola in the west to Tanzania to the east. These woodlands are dominated by trees of subfamily Caesalpinioideae, particularly miombo (Brachystegia), Julbernardia and Isoberlinia, which are rarely found outside miombo woodlands. The four ecoregions are:

Moreover miombo woodlands could be classified as dry or wet based on the per annum amount and distribution of rainfall[2]. Where by dry woodlands occurs in those areas receiving less than 1000 mm annual rainfall. Mostly in Zimbabwe, Central Tanzania and southern areas of Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia. On the contrary wet woodlands whilst more than 1000 mm annual rainfall are located in Northern Zambia, eastern Angola. central Malawi and south western Tanzania.

People

These miombo woodlands are also important to the livelihoods of many rural people, who depend on the resources available from the woodland. The wide variety of species provides non-timber products such as fruits, honey, fodder for livestock and fuelwood.

Flora and fauna

Despite the relatively nutrient-poor soil, long dry season (and low rainfall in some areas) the woodland is home to many species, including several miombo specialist endemic bird species. The predominant tree is miombo (Brachystegia spp.). It also provides food and cover for mammals such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) and Lichtenstein's hartebeest (Sigmoceros lichtensteinii).[3]

Line notes

  1. ↑ Gambiza, J; Bond, W; Frost, P.G.H; Higgins, S. "SPECIAL SECTION: LAND USE OPTIONS IN DRY TROPICAL WOODLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN ZIMBABWE". Ecological Economics. 33 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(00)00145-2.
  2. ↑ Abdallah, J. M.; Monela, G. G. (2007). "Overview of Miombo Woodlands in Tanzania" (PDF). Working Papers of Finnish Research Institute. 50: 9–23.
  3. ↑ Bruce M Campbell. 1996

References

  • Bruce M Campbell. ed. 1996. The Miombo Transition: Woodlands & Welfare in Africa, CIFOR, ISBN 979-8764-07-2, standard reference on the description & uses to which animals and man put these savanna woodlands.
  • "Eastern Miombo woodlands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  • Earthtrends.wri.org: Map of Miombo forests-grasslands-drylands
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