Minat al-Qal'a

Minat al-Qal'a
Aerial view of Minat al-Qal'a
Location  Israel
Coordinates 31°46′48″N 34°37′17.5″E / 31.78000°N 34.621528°E / 31.78000; 34.621528Coordinates: 31°46′48″N 34°37′17.5″E / 31.78000°N 34.621528°E / 31.78000; 34.621528
Palestine grid 114/132
Type Fort
History
Periods

Umayyad
Fatimid

Crusader
Site notes
Condition Ruin

Minat al-Qal'a (اشدود; lit. "the harbour of the fort"), sometimes wrongly named Qal'at al-Mina, is a medieval coastal fort protecting the port known as Ashdod-Yam (lit. "Ashdod-on-the-Sea"), which was historically separate from Ashdod proper but whose archaeological remains are today located on the southern beach of the sprawling modern city of Ashdod. The fort has been built by the Umayyads and later restored and used again by the Crusaders.[1][2][3]

History

Early Muslim period

The fort was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (reign 685–705 CE) before the end of the 7th century on top of Byzantine-era remains. It was in use during the 10th-11th centuries, and was restored and used again by the Crusaders in the late 12th century after sustaining serious damage from the 1033 earthquake.[2][4] Its medieval Arabic name was Mahuz Azdud, "harbour of Azdud", a very interesting return to Semitic toponyms after centuries of Hellenistic culture at "Azotus paralios" (Greek for Ashdod-on-the-Sea): a combination between the ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud", a form much closer to the likewise ancient "Ashdod".[3][5] The fort was meant to protect the port from raids by the strong Byzantine navy, while the port itself was used by the very same navy to exchange Muslim prisoners for ransom money.[4][6][7][8]

Crusader period

Archaeological excavations show that the fort was restored and reused during the Crusader period.[2] They come to prove what was already known from documents from the era, which indicate that Nicolas de Beroard, a knight of lord Hugh of Ramla, was in charge of the stronghold in 1169. From this period it is known as Castellum Beroart.[9]

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

The port stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed by the Muslims along with the other port cities from the coast of Palestine, due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.[4]

Modern period

In 1863 Victor Guérin visited and described it,[10] while in 1873-4, it was described by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau.[11] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being apparently from "the Middle Ages".[12]

The modern Arabic name, Minat al-Qal'a, means "The harbour (mina) with the fortress (qal'a)", while the modern Hebrew name, "Horbat Ashdod Yam", reflects both the current state of the fort and its ancient name: "ruins (horbat) of Ashdod-on-the-Sea".

Description

The almost rectangular fortress (35x55 meters) was enclosed by a six to seven meters high curtain wall. It has four solid corner towers, and two semicircular ones flanking each of the two huge gates that gave access to the strongholdto from the west and east.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 372
  2. 1 2 3 Vunsh, Tal and Sivan, 2013, Horbat Ashdod-Yam
  3. 1 2 Pringle, 1997, p. 72
  4. 1 2 3 Petersen, 2005, pp. 90-91
  5. ↑ Tel Aviv University, History of Yavneh-Yam
  6. ↑ [Shams al-Din al-Muqaddasi, Ahsan al-taqasimfi ma'rifat al-aqalim, Edition M.J. De Goeje, E.J. Brill Leiden (1906).]
  7. ↑ le Strange, 1890, pp. 23-24
  8. ↑ Petersen, 2001, pp. 159-160
  9. ↑ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 16- 124, No 472; cited in Pringle, 1997, p. 72
  10. ↑ Guérin, 1869, pp. 72-73
  11. ↑ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2. p. 191
  12. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 426-427

Bibliography

  • Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Mukaddasi (1886). Description of Syria, including Palestine. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
  • Nahshoni, Pirhiya (2009-11-22). "Ashdod, the Southern Shore (sic, southern beach)" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  • Petersen, Andrew (2005). The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule: AD 600-1600. BAR International Series 1381.
  • Pringle, Denys (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521 46010 7.
  • Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
  • Strange, le, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Vunsh, Reuven; Tal, Oren; Sivan, Dorit (8 August 2013). "Horbat Ashdod-Yam". 125. Hadashot Arkheologiyot. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
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