Megalopolis
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A satellite view of the U.S. Northeast megalopolis, the most populous megalopolis in the Western Hemisphere, home to over 50 million people, displayed at night.
A megalopolis (sometimes called a megapolis; also megaregion, or supercity)[1] is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region.
Emerging megalopolises in the developing world include the Pearl River Delta, which when formed will constitute the core part of a Southern China Coast megaregion; the Unified Jakarta-Bandung metro area forming the core of the Northern Java megaregion; and the Yangtze River Delta core, a part of a Central Chinese Coast megaregion.
History of term megalopolis
The term was used by Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book Cities in Evolution,[2] by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book The Decline of the West, and Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline. Later, it was used by Jean Gottmann in his landmark 1961 study, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States, to describe the chain of metropolitan areas along the northeastern seaboard of the US, extending from Boston, Massachusetts, through New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore and ending in Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia.[3][4][5] The latter is sometimes called the "BosWash megalopolis". The term has been interpreted as meaning "supercity".[1]
Definitions
Megapolis is ungrammatically derived from Greek: μέγας (mégas) meaning 'great' and Greek: πόλις (pólis) meaning 'city', therefore literally a 'great city' (compare "megacity"). Because in Greek, πόλις is feminine, the correct term is megalopolis. The Ancient Greek city of Megalopolis was formed by the Arcadian League by bringing together smaller communities.
A megalopolis, also known as a megaregion, is a clustered network of cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million.[6] Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.[7][8][9] America 2050,[10] a program of the Regional Plan Association, lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.[7] Literally, megalopolis in Greek means a city of exaggerated size where the prefix megalo- represents a quantity of exaggerated size.[11] Megapolitan areas were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech.[12] A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 megapolitan areas grouped into 10 megaregions.[13] The concept is based on the original Megalopolis model.[9]
Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping. This term was coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.[14]
In Brazil, the similar sounding terms to megaregion (megarregião when translated to English, are actually legally distinct and take on quite different meaning: Mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and Microregions of Brazil (microrregião).
Africa
- Cairo–Giza–Qalyubia–Helwan–6th of October City (Greater Cairo), Egypt (16 million) The area around the Nile is also very densely populated.
- Nile River Delta Governorates (Alexandria, Beheira, Kafr el-Sheikh, Gharbia, Monufia, Qalyubia, Dakahlia, Damietta, Al Sharqia, and Port Said) have a combined population of 41,045,135. The total area of these Governorates is 18,199 square miles making the population density 2,255.4 per square mile.
- The Gauteng City Region (PWV) in South Africa, which includes the urbanised portion of Gauteng Province (Pretoria, Centurion, Midrand, Johannesburg and the Vaal Triangle, with a population of over 10 million)[15][16][17]
- The region in Morocco including El Jadida-Casablanca-Rabat-Salé-Kenitra, concentrating in the long coastal belt, on around 250 km with a depth of 40 to 50 km, more than 11 million inhabitants.
- The Nairobi Metropolitan Region consisting of the counties of (Kajiado-Kiambu-Nairobi-Machakos-Murang'a) in Kenya, which have a combined population of 8 million people.[18]
Americas
Transnational
Argentina
Satellite image of Greater Buenos Aires at night. Urban sprawl created a vast conurbation of 12,801,365 inhabitants including the City of Buenos Aires, a third of the total population of Argentina.
| Megalopolis Name | Population in 2013 |
Major cities | Other cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Greater Buenos Aires | 13,641,973 | Buenos Aires; Merlo, Buenos Aires; Quilmes; Banfield, Buenos Aires | Lanús; Hurlingham, Buenos Aires; and Avellaneda |
Brazil
| Megalopolis Name | Population in 2015[19] |
Major cities | Other cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo Macrometropolis | +32,200,000 | São Paulo and Campinas | Sorocaba, Jundiaí, São José dos Campos, Piracicaba and Santos |
| Greater Rio de Janeiro | +12,000,000 | Rio de Janeiro and São Gonçalo | Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, Belford Roxo and São João de Meriti |
| Greater Belo Horizonte | +5,800,000 | Belo Horizonte and Contagem | Betim, Nova Lima and Sete Lagoas |
| Greater Porto Alegre | +4,200,000 | Porto Alegre and Canoas | São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Gravataí |
| Recife metropolitan area | +3,900,000 | Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes | Olinda, Paulista, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Igarassu, São Lourenço da Mata, Abreu e Lima, Ipojuca, Moreno, Itapissuma, Ilha de Itamaracá and Araçoiaba |
| Greater Curitiba | + 3,500,000 | Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais | Araucária, Colombo, Fazenda Rio Grande, Lapa and Pinhais |
Canada
| Megalopolis name | Population in millions 2011 |
Population in millions 2025 (projected) |
Population percent growth 2011 - 2025 (projected) |
Major cities | Related articles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quebec City–Windsor Corridor | 18.4 | 21 | 14.1% | Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, Mississauga, Montreal, Oshawa, Ottawa, Peterborough, Quebec City, Toronto, Trois-Rivières, Vaughan, Windsor | Southern Ontario |
| Calgary–Edmonton Corridor | 2.7 | 4 | 48.1% | Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, St. Albert, Airdrie | Calgary Region, Edmonton Capital Region, Central Alberta |
Colombia
The following megaregions in Colombia are expected to have nearly 93% (55 Million people) of its population by 2030, up from the current 72%. There are currently 4 major megaregions in Colombia.
| Megalopolis name | Population in 2015 | Population in 2030 (projected) | Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bogota National Capital Metropolis | 17,000,000 | 26,500,000 | Bogotá, Soacha, Facatativá, Chía, Tunja, Fusagasugá, Zipaquirá, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Ubaté, Sibaté, Guaduas, Villa de Leyva and Tocancipá |
| Pacific Belt | 9,000,000 | 14,000,000 | Medellín, Cali, Bello, Pereira, Manizales, Armenia, Itagüí, Yumbo, and Palmira |
| Northeast Atlantic Region | 6,000,000 | 10,500,000 | Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, Malambo, Baranoa and Turbaco |
| Santander Belt | 3,000,000 | 5,200,000 | Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Ocaña, and Pamplona |
Other sources[20] show that another megaregion may be considered:
| Megalopolis name | Population in 2015 | Population in 2030 (projected) | Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Golden Triangle | 29,500,000 | 41,000,000 | Bogotá, Soacha, Medellín, Cali, Bello, Manizales, Armenia |
Mexico
Mexico City megalopolis
| Megalopolis name | Population in millions 2015 |
Population in millions 2025 (projected) |
Population percent growth 2000 - 2025 (projected) |
Major cities | Related articles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bajío | 11 | ? | ?% | León, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Celaya, Irapuato, San Juan del Río, Salamanca | Bajío |
| Mexico City megalopolis | 28 | ? | ?% | Mexico City, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, Pachuca, Tula, Tlaxcala, Cuautla, Tulancingo |
Peru
| Megalopolis name | Population in 2013 |
Major cities | Other cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lima-Callao Megalopolis | 10,523,796 | Lima and Callao | Cono Norte, Cono Sur, and Cono Este |
United States
Phoenix in the Arizona Sun Corridor
Austin in the Texas Triangle
Constituent urban areas of each megalopolis are based on reckoning by a single American organization, the Regional Plan Association (RPA). The RPA definition of the Great Lakes Megalopolis includes some Canadian metropolitan areas with the United States, including some but not all major urban centres in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor. Note that one city, Houston, is listed in two different Megalopolis regions as defined by the RPA, (the Gulf Coast and Texas Triangle).[7][21]
Venezuela
| Megalopolis name | Population in 2013 |
Major cities | Other cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caracas-Valencia Megalopolis | +9,000,000 | Caracas, Valencia, and Maracay | Cagua, Maiquetía, and Guatire |
Asia
East Asia
China
- Pearl River Delta Megalopolis (珠江三角洲): (Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Macau, Huizhou) (55,000,000),[24][25] if Shantou/Quanzhou added (Guangdong Megalopolis) 70,000,000. If other areas added, 120,000,000.[26]
- Yangtze River Delta Megalopolis (長江三角洲): (Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Jingjiang, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jiangyin, Haimen, Zhangjiagang, Zhoushan, Ma'anshan) (88,000,000)[26]
- Bohai Economic Rim (环渤海经济圈): Beijing, Shenyang, Tianjin, Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Dandong, Sinuiju, Tangshan, Yantai, Jinan, Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Weihai (66,400,000)[27]
- South China Coast : Xiamen, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaozhou (25,000,000)
- Central Plain (中原): Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou, Luoyang (14,170,000)
- The central Liaoning city cluster in China. Within 150 km from its center Shenyang (7.2 million), it has Fushun (3 million), Anshan City (3.6 million), Benxi (1.5 million), Liaoyang (1.8 million), Yingkou (2.2 million), Panjin (1.2 million), and Tieling (3.4 million), with a total population of 23 million. And it can be further extended to Dalian (6.2 million), Fuxin (2 million) and Dandong (2.4 million). This area used to be the most industrialized region in China. It declined during 1980s-1990s, but in recent years, it has rapidly revived.
- Northeastern Cities or the Harbin–Changchun Area (哈尔滨长春地区): Harbin, Qiqihar, Daqing, Changchun, Jilin City, Siping including Rason in North Korea and Vladivostok in Russia (21,832,000)
- Sichuan basin (四川盆地) or the Chengyu Megalopolis (成渝都市圈): Chengdu, Chongqing, Zigong, Luzhou (20,878,000)
- Greater Wuhan Megalopolis (大武汉都市圈): Wuhan, Huangshi, Xinyang, Jiujiang, Yueyang (20,000,000)
- Guanzhong (关中): Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan (16,722,000)
- Chang-Zhu-Tan (长株潭) a.k.a. Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region (长株潭城市群): Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan (12,994,400 in 2000)
In July 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit brought out a report entitled; Supersized cities: China’s 13 megalopolises, which pinpoints the 13 emerging megalopolises in China, and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping their development.
Japan
Japan is made up of overlapping megapolises. The Taiheiyō Belt megapolis itself includes both the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihanshin megapoles.
- Taiheiyō Belt – Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Mie, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, and Ōita in Japan. (81,859,345)[28][29]
- Greater Tokyo Area - Part of the larger Kantō region, broadly including Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan's two most populous cities. (38,000,000)[30]
- Keihanshin - Part of the larger Kansai region, includes Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe. (19,341,976)[31]
South Korea
- Seoul National Capital Area - Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Goyang, Yongin, Seongnam, and the rest of Gyeonggi-do: (25,000,000)[32]
Satellite image of Seoul and greater area
Taiwan
South Asia
Dhaka, Bangladesh; part of the emerging chain of cities in the Bengal region
Sri Lanka
Western Region Supercity of Colombo (Megapolis) with 3,687 km2 land area and currently over 7 million population comprising several municipal, urban, and town councils politically. This is planned to be spacious and modern megacity with dedicated core zones for financial, trade, industrial, educational, logistic, transport, health, sports, recreational activities and services in par with the international level. Once completed it would be one of the most livable and favored cities in the world.
India
- Maharashtra - 1.Mumbai (also includes Thane, Navi Mumbai (including Panvel), Kalyan-Dombivali, Ulhasnagar, Vasai-Virar, Ambernath and Badlapur, 2.Pune (also includes Pimpri-Chinchwad), Aurangabad, Solapur, Nashik , (also includes Nashik Road) Ahmednagar, Alibag (39,500,000)
- Tamil Nadu - Chennai , Kanchipuram, Thiruvallur, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Puducherry, Erode, Salem, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Hosur
- Chennai , Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi, Mysuru, Coimbatore, Warangal, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram (38,000,000) (Although widely separated geographically)
A view of the NH 47 Expressway between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu
Chennai International Airport, one of India's major international airports
- Delhi National Capital Region and Jaipur (35,000,000)
- Kolkata Belt- Kolkata (Also includes the suburban areas of Kolkata Barrackpore, Dum Dum, Bidhannagar, Naihati, Kanchrapara, Kankinara, kalyani, Rajarhat, Ichapore, Halisahar and Howrah), Dankuni
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The Maidan is the largest urban park in this megalopolis (Kolkata) - Gujarat - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, Anand, Nadiad, Bharuch, Ankleshwar (19,200,000)
Bangladesh
- Dhaka (Greater Dhaka Megalopolis consists four city Corporations: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Gazipur, and Narayanganj and five municipals: Savar Upazila (A class), Dohar Upazila (A class), Dhamrai Upazila (A class), Tongi (Special Class), Sonargaon (B class) (17,000,000)
- Chittagong (4,009,423)
Pakistan
Karachi comprises six district municipal corporations. The total population is 24 million according to the 2011 census.
Nepal
Kathmandu valley, which consists of 5 municipalities namely Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur Thimi, along with the peripheral cities of Banepa, Panauti and Dhulikhel.
Southeast Asia
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Country | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Java |  |
145[33] | Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Malang, Semarang, Tasikmalaya, Tangerang, Cirebon |
| 2 | Mega Manila |  |
40+ | Manila, Calamba, Angeles, Baguio, Batangas, Dagupan, Olongapo, Bacoor |
| 3 | Central Thailand |  |
25+ | Bangkok, Ayuthaya, Pattaya |
| 4 | Southeast Economic Zone |  |
16+ | Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, Long An, Tiền Giang |
Philippines
Mega Manila is made up of 4 Regions:
- Central Luzon (11,218,117)
- Metro Manila (12,877,253)
- Calabarzon (14,414,774)
- Mimaropa excluding Palawan (2,113,891)
(Regional Centers) San Fernando-Manila-Calamba-Calapan
Total Population of Mega Manila as of 2015: (40,624,035)[34]
Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam
Southwest Asia
Iran
- Greater Tehran: A region located in Iranian Tehran and Alborz Province in central Northern Iran with its influence expanding in Qom Province, Qazvin Province and Mazandaran Province, home for at least 15 million people, it is one of the most populous urban areas in the Greater Middle East and the surrounding regions. Tehran was a small village 200 years ago when it was first chosen as the Capital city and it has been growing at a very fast rate.
Turkey
(all figures extrapolated from end of 2014 and end of 2015 figures of,[37] to middle of year 2016)
- Greater Istanbul: Includes Istanbul city proper, with continuous urbanization spilling over to neighboring provinces, as well as nearby dense population and highly industrialized areas. Istanbul, eastern counties of Tekirdağ province, entire coast of Izmit bay, and Adapazarı add up to 17.5 million population.
- Other major cities: Ankara (5 million), Izmir (includes satellites Torbalı-Aliağa-Urla-Manisa to add up to 4 million), Adana-Tarsus-Mersin (3 million), Bursa (2.1 million)
Europe
The Blue Banana, the Golden Banana and the Green Banana.
Transnational (Europe)
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Scandinavia
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greater Copenhagen | 4[42][43] | Copenhagen, Malmö, Helsingborg, Lund, and Roskilde |
France
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paris metropolitan area | 12.3[44] | Paris & Île-de-France |
| 2 | Lyon economic region | 5.5[39] | Lyon & Rhône-Alpes river area |
| 3 | Marseille metropolitan region | 1.8[39] | Marseille, Aix-en-Provence |
| 4 | Toulouse economic region | 1.5[39] | Toulouse, Andorra (independent state, not a part of France) |
| 5 | Nice economic region | 1.1[39] | Nice, Monaco (independent city-state, not a part of France) |
Germany
| Rank | Megalopolis name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rhine-Ruhr | 13.5 | Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Essen |
| 2 | Berlin-Brandenburg | 5.95 | Berlin, Potsdam |
| 3 | Frankfurt Rhine-Main | 5.52 | Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Mainz |
| 4 | Stuttgart Metropolitan Region | 5.29[39] | Stuttgart |
| 5 | Munich Metropolitan Region | 5.2[39] | Munich |
| 6 | Hamburg Metropolitan Region | 5.0 | Hamburg |
| 7 | Central German Metropolitan Region (Saxon triangle) | 4.36[39] | Leipzig, Halle, Dresden |
| 8 | Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region | 3.91[39] | Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen, Wolfsburg |
| 9 | Nuremberg Metropolitan Region | 3.5[39] | Nuremberg |
| 10 | Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region | 2.37[39] | Bremen, Oldenburg |
Italy
| Rank | Megalopolis name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grande Milano | 8.2 | Milan |
| 2 | Naples metropolitan area | 4.46 | Naples |
| 3 | Rome metropolitan area | 4.3 | Rome |
| 4 | Turin economic region | 4.1 | Turin & Piedmont centre and south area |
| 5 | Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area | 2.6 | Venice & Padua & Treviso central-eastern Veneto region |
| 6 | Genoa metropolitan region | 1.5 | Genoa |
| 7 | Conca d'Oro | 1.1 | Palermo and neighboring cities |
Benelux
Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg:[39]
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Randstad | 7.5 | Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht |
| 2 | Flemish Diamond | 5.5 | Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Leuven |
| 3 | Brabantse Stedenrij | 2.0 | Eindhoven, Tilburg, Breda, 's-Hertogenbosch, Helmond |
Poland and the Czech Republic
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Silesian Metropolis | 5.3 | Katowice, Ostrava |
Spain
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Madrid region | 6.3 | Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Fuenlabrada, Getafe, Alcobendas, Alcorcón, Leganés, Móstoles |
| 2 | Barcelona | 5 | Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Terrassa, Sabadell, Mataró, Santa Coloma |
| 3 | Valencia | 3 | Valencia, Alicante, Elche, Benidorm, Sagunto, Gandia, Castellón, Vinaròs, Burriana, Alcoy, Dénia |
| 4 | Sevilla | 1.3 | Sevilla, Dos Hermanas, Utrera |
| 5 | Bilbao | 0.9 | Greater Bilbao, Getxo, Portugalete |
United Kingdom
| Rank | Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | London commuter belt | 14.0[47] | London, Medway, Southend-on-Sea, Chelmsford, Basildon, Luton, Reading |
| 2 | Northern England | 9.4[39][48] | Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Warrington, Bradford, Birkenhead, Preston, Blackburn, Blackpool |
| 3 | English midlands | 6.3[39][48] | Birmingham, Nottingham, Coventry, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Derby, Stoke-on-Trent |
| 4 | Central Belt | 3.6[48] | Glasgow, Edinburgh |
| 5 | South Hampshire-Brighton | 2.8[39][48] | Southampton, Portsmouth, Brighton, Worthing, Littlehampton, Bournemouth |
| 6 | Tyne & Wear Region | 2.2[39][48] | Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesbrough |
| 7 | Cardiff-Bristol-Swansea | 2.2[39][48] | Cardiff, Bristol, Swansea, Newport |
Oceania
Australia
| Megalopolis Name | Population in millions |
Major cities |
|---|---|---|
| Sydney Region | 5.77[49] | Greater Sydney (including Central Coast and Blue Mountains) (4.97 million), Newcastle and Lake Macquarie (501,000), Illawarra (300,000) |
| Port Phillip Bay Area | 4.98[49] | Greater Melbourne (including Mornington Peninsula) (4.7 million), Greater Geelong (233,429), Melton, Victoria (54,455) |
| South East Queensland | 3.45[49] | Greater Brisbane (2.3 million), Gold Coast-Tweed Heads (662,000), Sunshine Coast (341,000), Toowoomba (152,000) |
See also
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References
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- ↑ Geddes, Patrick (1915). Cities in Evolution. London: Williams & Norgate – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Gottmann, Jean (1954). L'Amerique. Paris: Hachette.
- ↑ Gottmann, Jean (1957). "Megalopolis, or the urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard". Economic Geography. 33 (3): 189–200. doi:10.2307/142307.
- ↑ Gottmann, Jean (1961). Megalopolis. The Urbanized Northeastern seaboard of the United States. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
- ↑ Gottmann, Jean (1989). Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.
- 1 2 3 Taylor, Matt. "Megaregions". America 2050. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ "Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?". 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- 1 2 Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis Archived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine..Time magazine, November 4, 1966. Retrieved on July 19, 2010.
- ↑ "About Us - America 2050". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ Definition of the prefix megalo-. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
- ↑ "Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography" (PDF). July 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27.
- ↑ "America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ Tremble, Sam (May 30, 2007). "Fumbling Toward Portland". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
- ↑ "Welcome to the official South African government online site! | South African Government". Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ "Cabinet Secretary names team to modernize Nairobi city transport :: Kenya - The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 2015-02-23. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ 46 - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Brazil, 2015, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 28 August 2015, archived from the original on 19 December 2016, retrieved 28 August 2016
- ↑ Ordóñez Burbano, Luis A. (2007). Universidad del Valle 60 años 1945-2005: Atando cabos en clave de memoria. Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia: Universidad del Valle. p. 58. OCLC 645219600
- ↑ Regional Plan Association (2008). America 2050: An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America. New York: Regional Plan Association.
- ↑ "Megapolitan: Arizona's Sun Corridor". Morrison Institute for Public Policy. May 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ↑ Catherine Reagor (2006-04-09). "When Phoenix, Tucson Merge". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
- ↑ John Vidal. "UN report: World's biggest cities merging into 'mega-regions' | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ "关于长江三角洲构建世界第六大城市群的思考". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- 1 2 Vidal, John (2010-03-22). "UN report: World's biggest cities merging into 'mega-regions'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
- ↑ "Foreign investment shows trend of "moving northward"". china-embassy.org. 2004-05-14. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ↑ "地域活性化戦略（案）資料" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ↑ "2015 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ↑ United Nations (March 12, 2017). "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations
- ↑ Japan Statistics Bureau - "2010 Census", retrieved August 23, 2015
- ↑ A government publication states that on 1 November 2010, the population of "Seoul Metropolitan Area" stood at 23,616 thousand, which is the sum of the figures given for Gyeonggi-do (11,270 thousand), Seoul (9,708 thousand) and Incheon (2,638 thousand), apparently including the periphery.
Source: "Preliminary Results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census" Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Statistics Korea. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011. - ↑ "Java - Google Arts & Culture". Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
- ↑ "Google". Google. Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ "广西北部湾经济区概况". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "Chinese Cities on Beibu Gulf Increase Cooperation". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ Turkish Statistical Institute - Address Based Population Record System
- ↑ Ina Schmidt. "The European Blue Banana". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 From Territorial Cohesion to the New Regionalized Europe. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "What is STRING?". STRING. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
- ↑ Lois-González, Rubén C. (7 October 2004). "A Model of Spanish-portuguese Urban Growth: the Atlantic Axis". Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. p. 7(287). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ↑ "Danmarks Statistik". Danmarks Statistik. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "Statistics Sweden". Statistics Sweden. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "INSEE - Paris". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "Regionales Monitoring 2008" (PDF). Deutsche-metropolregionen.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- ↑ "Brookings". The Brookings Institution. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions" (PDF). Appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "3.29.2 British urban pattern: population data" (PDF). Espon.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
- 1 2 3 3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 30 March 2016, archived from the original on 5 October 2016, retrieved 3 October 2016
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