Health technology in the United States

Health technology is defined by the World Health Organization as the "application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives".[1] This includes the pharmaceuticals, devices, procedures, organizational systems used in health care,[2] and computer-supported information systems. In the United States, these technologies involve standardized physical objects as well as traditional and designed social means and methods to treat or care for patients.[3]

Medical technology

Medical technology, or "medtech", encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to treat diseases and medical conditions affecting humans. Such technologies (applications of medical science) are intended to improve the quality of healthcare delivered through earlier diagnosis, less invasive treatment options and reduction in hospital stays and rehabilitation times.[4] Recent advances in medical technology have also focused on cost reduction. Medical technology may broadly include medical devices, information technology, biotech, and healthcare services.

The impacts of medical technology involve social and ethical issues. For example, physicians can seek objective information from technology rather than read subjective patient reports.[5]

A major driver of the sector's growth is the consumerization of medtech. Supported by the widespread availability of smartphones and tablets, providers are able to reach a large audience at low cost, a trend that stands to be consolidated as wearable technologies spread throughout the market.[6]

In the past 5 years running up to the end of 2015, venture funding has grown 200%, allowing US$11.7 billion to flow into health tech businesses from over 30,000 investors in the space.[7]

The over-dependence on the use of technology in every step of the treatment process can result in severe economic burdens to families and individuals.[8]

There has been an unprecedented rise in the utilization of automated clinical laboratories and CT scanners without any proof that they are necessary and beneficial to the individuals and families.[8]

Education

Virtual reality headset

Companies such as Surgical Theater, provide new technology capable of capturing 3D virtual images of patients' brains to use as practice for operations. 3D printing allows medical companies to produce prototypes to practice on before an operation created with artificial tissue.[9]

Medical virtual reality provides doctors multiple surgical scenarios that could happen and allows them to practice and prepare themselves for these situations. It also permits medical students a hands on experience of different procedures without the consequences of making potential mistakes.[10] ORamaVR is one of the leading companies that employs such medical virtual reality technologies to transform medical education (knowledge) and training (skills) in order to improve patient outcomes, reduce surgical errors and training time and democratise medical education and training.

Privacy of health data

Phones that can track one's whereabouts, steps and more can serve as medical devices, and medical devices have much the same effect as these phones. In the research article, Privacy Attitudes among Early Adopters of Emerging Health Technologies by Cynthia Cheung, Matthew Bietz, Kevin Patrick and Cinnamon Bloss discovered people were willing to share personal data for scientific advancements, although they still expressed uncertainty about who would have access to their data. People are naturally cautious about giving out sensitive personal information.[11]

In 2015 the Medical Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) was passed which will be put into play in 2018 pushing towards electronic health records. Health Information Technology: Integration, Patient Empowerment, and Security by K. Marvin provided multiple different polls based on people's views on different types of technology entering the medical field most answers where responded with somewhat likely and very few completely disagreed on technology being used in medicine. Marvin discusses the maintenance required to protect medical data and technology against cyber attacks as well as providing a proper data backup system for the information.[12]

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) also known as Obamacare and health information technology health care is entering the digital era. Although with this development it needs to be protected. Both health information and financial information now made digital within the health industry might become a larger target for cybercrime. Even with multiple different types of safeguards hackers some how still find their way in so the security that is in place needs to constantly be updated to prevent these breaches.[13]

Allied professions

The term medical technology may also refer to the duties performed by clinical laboratory professionals in various settings within the public and private sectors. The work of these professionals encompass clinical applications of chemistry, genetics, hematology, immunohematology (blood banking), immunology, microbiology, serology, urinalysis and miscellaneous body fluid analysis. Depending on location, educational level and certifying body, these professionals may be referred to as biomedical scientists, medical laboratory scientists (MLS), medical technologists (MT), medical laboratory technologists and medical laboratory technicians.[14]

Technology testing

All medical equipment introduced commercially must meet both United States and international regulations. The devices are tested on their material, effects on the human body, all components including devices that have other devices included with them, and the mechanical aspects.[15]

Medical device user fee and modernization act of 2002 was created to make the FDA hurry up on their approval process of medical technology. By introducing sponsor user fees for a faster review time with predetermined performance target for review time.[16]

36 devices and apps were approved by the FDA in 2016.[17]

Types of technology

Medical technology has evolved into smaller portable devices, for instance smartphones, touchscreens, tablets, laptops, digital ink, voice and face recognition and more. With this technology, innovations like electronic health records (EHR), health information exchange (HIE), Nationwide Health Information Network (NwHIN), personal health records (PHRs), patient portals, nanomedicine, genome-based personalized medicine, Geographical Positioning System (GPS), radio frequency identification (RFID), telemedicine, clinical decision support (CDS), mobile home health care and cloud computing came to exist.[18]

3D printing can be used to produce specialized splints, prostheses, parts for medical devices and inert implants. The end goal of 3D printing is being able to print out customized replaceable body parts.[9]

Assessment

The concept of health technology assessment (HTA) was first coined in 1967 by the U.S. Congress in response to the increasing need to address the unintended and potential consequences of health technology, along with its prominent role in society.[19] It was further institutionalized with the establishment of the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) in 1972-1973. HTA is defined as a comprehensive form of policy research that examines short- and long-term consequences of the application of technology, including benefits, costs, and risks.[20] Due to the broad scope of technology assessment, it requires the participation of individuals besides scientists and health care practitioners such as managers and even the consumers.[20]

There are several American organizations that provide health technology assessments and these include the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Veterans Administration through its VA Technology Assessment Program (VATAP). The models adopted by these institutions vary, although they focus on whether a medical technology being offered is therapeutically relevant.[21] A study conducted in 2007 noted that the assessments still did not use formal economic analyses.[21]

Aside from its development, however, assessment in the health technology industry has been viewed as sporadic and fragmented[22] Issues such as the determination of products that needed to be developed, cost, and access, among others, also emerged. These - some argue - need to be included in the assessment since health technology is never purely a matter of science but also of beliefs, values, and ideologies.[22] One of the mechanisms being suggested – either as an element of- or an alternative to the current TAs is bioethics, which is also referred to as the "fourth-generation" evaluation framework.[22][23] There are at least two dimensions to an ethical HTA. The first involves the incorporation of ethics in the methodological standards employed to assess technologies while the second is concerned with the use of ethical framework in research and judgment on the part of the researchers who produce information used in the industry.[24]

Monitoring one's health

Smartphones, tablets, and wearable computers have allowed people to monitor their own health. These devices run numerous applications that are designed to provide simple health services and the monitoring of one's health. An example of this is Fitbit, a fitness tracker that is worn on the user's wrist. This wearable technology allows people to track their steps, heart rate, floors climbed, miles walked, active minutes, and even sleep patterns. The data collected and analyzed allow users not just to keep track of their own health but also help manage it, particularly through its capability to identify health risk factors.[25]

There is also the case of the Internet, which serves as a repository of information and expert content that can be used to "self-diagnose" instead of going to their doctor. For instance, one need only enumerate symptoms as search parameters at Google and the search engine could identify the illness from the list of contents uploaded to the world wide web, particularly those provided by expert/medical sources. These advance may eventually have some effect on doctor visits from patients[26] and change the role of the health professionals from "gatekeeper to secondary care to facilitator of information interpretation and decision-making."[27]

Careers

There are numerous careers to choose from in health technology in the USA. Listed below are some job titles and average salaries.

  • Athletic Trainer, Salary: $41,340. Athletic trainers treat athletes and other individuals who have sustained injuries. They also teach people how to prevent injuries. They perform their job under the supervision of physicians.[28]
  • Dental Hygienist, Salary: $67,340. Dental hygienists provide preventative dental care and teach patients how to maintain good oral health. They usually work under dentists' supervision.[28]
  • Laboratory Technicians and Technologists, Salary: $51,770. Lab technicians and technologists perform laboratory tests and procedures. Technicians work under the supervision of a laboratory technologist or a laboratory manager.[29]
  • Nuclear Medicine Technologist, Salary: $67,910. Nuclear medicine technologists prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals, radioactive drugs, to patients in order to treat or diagnose diseases.[28]
  • Pharmacy Technician, Salary: $28,070. Pharmacy technicians assist pharmacists with the preparation of prescription medications for customers.[28]

References

  1. ↑ "Technology, Health". World Health Organization. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  2. ↑ INAHTA (International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment). (June 8, 2009). "HTA glossary". INAHTA. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009.
  3. ↑ Ubokudom, Sunday (2012). United States Health Care Policymaking: Ideological, Social and Cultural Differences and Major Influences. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 109. ISBN 9781461431688.
  4. ↑ ADVAMED (Advanced Medical Technology Association). (January 7, 2009). "What is Medical Technology?". ADVAMED. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009.
  5. ↑ Richard S. Mathis (30 April 2010). "The Impacts of Innovation". Science.
  6. ↑ "What is driving the growth of medtech in the UK?". Hot Topics. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  7. ↑ "What is Health Tech and how will it evolve?". Hot Topics. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  8. 1 2 Tan, LTH; Ong, KL (1 October 2002). "The Impact of Medical Technology on Healthcare Today". Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine. 9 (4): 231–236.
  9. 1 2 Huotilainen, Eero; Paloheimo, Markku; et al. (2014). "Imaging requirements for medical applications of additive manufacturing". Acta Radiologica. SAGE Publications. 55 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1177/0284185113494198. ISSN 0284-1851.
  10. ↑ Reportlinker. "Virtual Patient Simulation Market Analysis and Trends- Technology (Haptic Technology,3 Dimensional Technology and Virtual Reality Technology), Product – Forecast to 2025". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  11. ↑ Cheung, Cynthia; Bietz, Matthew J.; Patrick, Kevin; Bloss, Cinnamon S. (2016-11-10). "Privacy Attitudes among Early Adopters of Emerging Health Technologies". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166389. ISSN 1932-6203 – via EBSChost.
  12. ↑ Marvin, Kevin (2017). "Health Information Technology: Integration, Patient Empowerment, and Security". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 74 (2): 36–38. ISSN 1079-2082.
  13. ↑ Kruse, Clemens Scott; Frederick, Benjamin; Jacobson, Taylor; Monticone, D. Kyle (2017-01-01). "Cybersecurity in healthcare: A systematic review of modern threats and trends". Technology and Health Care. 25 (1): 1–10. doi:10.3233/thc-161263. ISSN 0928-7329.
  14. ↑ "Medical Technology".
  15. ↑ Dooley, J.; Kopia, G. (2014). "27". Role of the Study Director in Nonclinical Studies: Pharmaceutical, Chemicals, Medical Devices, and Pesticides.
  16. ↑ "Effects of the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act on FDA Review Times for Medical Devices". Mercatus Center. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  17. ↑ Qahwaji, Rami (2018). Data-Driven Healthcare. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Bajwa, Mohammad (2014-05-31). "Emerging 21st Century Medical Technologies". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. pp. 649–655. doi:10.12669/pjms.303.5211. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  19. ↑ Garrido, Marcial; Kristensen, Finn; Nielsen, Camilla; Busse, Reinhard (2008). Health Technology Assessment and Health Policy-making in Europe: Current Status, Challenges and Potential. Copenhagen: Wolrd Health Organization. p. 80. ISBN 9789289042932.
  20. 1 2 World Bank (1995). Chile: The Adult Health Policy Challenge. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. p. 112. ISBN 0821332244.
  21. 1 2 Schlander, Michael (2007). Health Technology Assessments by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: A Qualitative Study. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 173. ISBN 9780387719955.
  22. 1 2 3 Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark (2014). Healthcare Politics and Policy in America: 2014. Oxon: Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 9780765626042.
  23. ↑ Chadwick, Ruth (2001). The Concise Encyclopedia of the Ethics of New Technologies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. 243. ISBN 0121663558.
  24. ↑ Callahan, Daniel (2012). The Roots of Bioethics: Health, Progress, Technology, Death. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780199931378.
  25. ↑ Information Resources Management Association (2017). Healthcare Ethics and Training: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. p. 482. ISBN 9781522522379.
  26. ↑ "A revolution in health care is coming". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  27. ↑ Tettegah, Sharon; Garcia, Yolanda Evie (2016). Emotions, Technology, and Health. London: Academic Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780128017371.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "What Health Technologist and Technician Careers Are There?". The Balance. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  29. ↑ https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-and-clinical-laboratory-technologists-and-technicians.htm#tab-5
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