Cattle tyrant

Cattle tyrant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Passeriformes
Family:Tyrannidae
Genus:Machetornis
G.R. Gray, 1841
Species: M. rixosa
Binomial name
Machetornis rixosa
(Vieillot, 1819)
Synonyms

Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1819) [2]

The cattle tyrant (Machetornis rixosa) is a species of bird in the tyrant-flycatcher family Tyrannidae. It is the only member of the genus Machetornis. The relationships of this species and genus to other genera in the tyrant flycatchers are uncertain. It resembles Tyrannus flycatchers, but this may be the result of convergence. Three subspecies are recognised, the nominate race, M. r. flavigularis and M. r. obscurodorsalis, although the latter two many not be distinct from M. r. flavigularis. The genus name was given to the species by George Robert Gray and is derived from the Ancient Greek makhētēs for fighter and ornis for bird, a reference to its pugnacious behaviour and habit of dispossessing other species of their nests. The specific name comes from the Latin rixosus meaning quarrelsome, again referring to the species/ behaviour and temperament.[3]

The species has a disjunct distribution, with the nominate race breeding from northern Argentina and Bolivia to the north-eastern tip of Brazil, and the two other subspecies ranging from Panama to Venezuela and eastern Ecuador. The species inhabits drier open and semi-open habitats, and avoided forested and wooded areas. It can be found in savannah, pastureland, parkland, agricultural land and even gardens.[3] Due to deforestation, the species has recently colonized areas where it was previously absent, such as northeast Ecuador.

Cleaning symbiosis: cattle tyrant foraging from the back of a capybara

The cattle tyrant is a highly terrestrial tyrant-flycatcher, 20 cm (7.9 in) long and weighing 29–40 g (1.0–1.4 oz). The plumage of the nominate subspecies is mostly olive-brown above and yellow below. The head is grey with a thin eyestripe and a white throat. The thin bill and legs are black. The two other subspecies vary from the nominate in having a yellow throat.[3]

Cattle tyrants feed on insects, mostly from the ground. It may follow cattle or other large animals for some distance, catching flushed prey, or even hitch rides on these animals, and then snatching flushed prey with a quick sally-flight. It may sometimes hawk for insects from a high perch.[3] The species is sometimes reported to have a cleaning symbiosis with the large mammals it lives with, however studies have found that it takes ticks off mammals only occasionally, but it will sometimes hunt biting horseflies attempting to land on capybaras.[4]

Cattle tyrants build bulky nests or steal the nests of plain-fronted thornbirds. 3 to 4 eggs are laid and incubated for 14 days. The chicks fledge after 15 days.[3]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Machetornis rixosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Alan P. Peterson, M.D. "Machetornis rixosus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Mobley, J. (2017). Cattle Tyrant (Machetornis rixosa). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/57454 on 4 March 2017).
  4. ↑ Sazima, I; Sazima, C (2010). "Brazilian cleaner birds: update and brief reappraisal" (PDF). Biota Neotropica. 10 (1): 327–331.
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