Recluse spider

Recluse spider
Loxosceles gaucho, Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Subphylum:Chelicerata
Class:Arachnida
Order:Araneae
Infraorder:Araneomorphae
Family:Sicariidae
Genus:Loxosceles
Heineken & Lowe, 1832[1]
Type species
Scytodes rufescens
Dufour, 1820
Species

See text.

Diversity[1]
About 120 species
Synonyms[1]
  • Calheirosia Mello-Leitão, 1917
  • Loxoscella Strand, 1906

The recluse spiders or brown spiders, genus Loxosceles (/lɒkˈsɒsɪliːz/), also known as fiddle-backs, violin spiders, or reapers, are a genus of venomous spiders known for their bite, which sometimes produces a characteristic set of symptoms known as loxoscelism. Recluse spiders are now identified as members of the family Sicariidae, having formerly been placed in their own family, the Loxoscelidae. Although recluse spiders have a bad reputation, they are usually not aggressive.[2]

Relation with other spiders

Sicariidae are of the superfamily Scytodoidea. Other families in the Scytodoidea include Drymusidae, Scytodidae, and Periegopidae.

Habitat and appearance

Loxosceles is distributed nearly worldwide in warmer areas. All have six eyes arranged in three groups of two (dyads) and some are brownish with a darker brown characteristic violin marking on the cephalothorax. However, the "violin marking" cannot be used as a reliable way to identify the spider as thousands of species of spider have similar markings. Spiders come with many markings varying greatly within the same species. Most Loxosceles can live for one and a half to two years. Many species of this genus can live for very long times without food or water. They are about 7–12 mm long.

The most common and most famous species in the United States is the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa). It is found in a large area of the Midwest, west to Colorado and the New Mexico state line and east to northern Georgia. Sporadic records from other locations only represent incidental introductions, not established populations. The brown recluse feeds on whatever small prey is available, and has been observed to prefer scavenging over actively hunting.[3] Other notable members of this genus include the Chilean recluse spider (L. laeta) and the Mediterranean recluse spider (L. rufescens).

Recently, concerns have been raised regarding recluses spreading faster due to warmer air carrying them farther as a result of changing climate. On the contrary, newly hatched recluses do not travel via ballooning and thus the populations are confined to very tight spaces with dense populations.[4]

Venom components and effects

Loxosceles spiders, like Hexophthalma species, have potent tissue-destroying venoms containing the dermonecrotic agent, sphingomyelinase D, which is otherwise found only in a few pathogenic bacteria.[5] Recent research has indicated the venom is composed largely of sulfated nucleosides, though these compounds are relatively new discoveries, so little is known about them.[6] The venom produces necrotic lesions that are slow to heal and may require skin grafts. Rarely, the venom is carried by the bloodstream, causing red blood cell destruction.

The venom is identical in male and female spiders, but females can have almost twice the concentration of toxins.[7] For unknown reasons, the toxicity of the venom to mammalian species varies; recluse bites may cause necrosis in humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not in mice or rats.[7]

The Chilean recluse (L. laeta) supposedly has a more potent venom, which results in systemic involvement more often. This spider was introduced to the Los Angeles area (Alhambra, Sierra Madre, and Monterey Park). No verified bites and the subsequent systemic hemolysis have been documented, even though it has been known there for over 30 years. All Loxosceles species that have been tested have venoms similar to that of the brown recluse and all should be avoided. In general, though, they are not aggressive and commonly occupy human dwellings without causing problems.[8]

Many types of skin wounds are mistaken for or assumed to be the result of a recluse spider bite.[9] Several diseases can mimic the lesions of the bite, including Lyme disease, various fungal and bacterial infections, and the first sore of syphilis.[10] It is important to associate the spider directly with the bite to avoid improper treatment, and to successfully treat common infections or other conditions if no spider was seen.

Bites most often occur as a defense when the spider is trapped against the skin, in clothing, for example.[4] Insecticides often fail to kill the spider, instead intoxicating its nervous system and inducing erratic behavior.[11]

The bite of a recluse spider can generally be categorized into one of the following groups:[4]

  • Unremarkable - self-healing minute damage
  • Mild reaction - self-healing damage with itchiness, redness, patterns of aggressive behavior and a mild lesion.
  • Dermonecrotic - the uncommon, "classic" recluse bite, producing a necrotic skin lesion. About 66% of necrotic bite lesions heal with no complications.[12] In extreme cases, the lesion may be up to 40 centimeters wide, last for several months, and heal with a permanent scar.[4]
  • Systemic or viscerocutaneous - an extremely rare, systemic reaction to envenomation of the bloodstream. It is observed more often in children.[4]

Most bites are unremarkable or mild.[13][14][15]

Species

As of October 2017, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following extant species:[1]

  • Loxosceles accepta Chamberlin, 1920 – Peru
  • Loxosceles adelaida Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles alamosa Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles alicea Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles amazonica Gertsch, 1967 – Peru, Brazil
  • Loxosceles anomala (Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil
  • Loxosceles apachea Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US, Mexico
  • Loxosceles aphrasta Wang, 1994 – China
  • Loxosceles aranea Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles arizonica Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – US
  • Loxosceles aurea Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles baja Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles barbara Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles belli Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles bentejui Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles bergeri Strand, 1906 – Namibia, South Africa
  • Loxosceles bettyae Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles blancasi Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles blanda Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US
  • Loxosceles boneti Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico, El Salvador
  • Loxosceles candela Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles carabobensis González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles caribbaea Gertsch, 1958 – Greater Antilles
  • Loxosceles carmena Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles chapadensis Bertani, Fukushima & Nagahama, 2010 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles chinateca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles colima Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles conococha Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles coquimbo Gertsch, 1967 – Chile
  • Loxosceles corozalensis González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles coyote Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles cubana Gertsch, 1958 – Cuba, Bahama Is., HIspaniola
  • Loxosceles cubiroensis González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles curimaguensis González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles deserta Gertsch, 1973 – US, Mexico
  • Loxosceles devia Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – US, Mexico
  • Loxosceles fontainei Millot, 1941 – Guinea
  • Loxosceles foutadjalloni Millot, 1941 – Guinea
  • Loxosceles francisca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles frizzelli Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles gaucho Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil; introduced to Tunisia
  • Loxosceles gloria Gertsch, 1967 – Ecuador, Peru
  • Loxosceles guajira Cala-Riquelme, Gutiérrez-Estrada & Flórez, 2015 – Colombia
  • Loxosceles guatemala Gertsch, 1973 – Guatemala
  • Loxosceles guayota Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles harrietae Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles herreri Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles hirsuta Mello-Leitão, 1931 – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
  • Loxosceles huasteca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles hupalupa Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles immodesta (Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil
  • Loxosceles inca Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles insula Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão, 1934 – Brazil, Argentina
  • Loxosceles jaca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles jamaica Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Jamaica
  • Loxosceles jarmila Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Jamaica
  • Loxosceles julia Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles kaiba Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US
  • Loxosceles lacroixi Millot, 1941 – Ivory Coast
  • Loxosceles lacta Wang, 1994 – China
  • Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849) – South America; introduced to US, Finland, Australia
  • Loxosceles lawrencei Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela, Trinidad, Curaçao
  • Loxosceles lutea Keyserling, 1877 – Colombia, Ecuador
  • Loxosceles luteola Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles mahan Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles maisi Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba
  • Loxosceles manuela Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles martha Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US
  • Loxosceles meruensis Tullgren, 1910 – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
  • Loxosceles misteca Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles mogote Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba
  • Loxosceles mrazig Ribera & Planas, 2009 – Tunisia
  • Loxosceles mulege Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles muriciensis Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles nahuana Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles neuvillei Simon, 1909 – Ethiopia, Somalia, East Africa
  • Loxosceles niedeguidonae Gonçalves-de-Andrade, Bertani, Nagahama & Barbosa, 2012 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles olivaresi González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles olmea Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles pallidecolorata (Strand, 1906) – Ethiopia, Kenya
  • Loxosceles palma Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US, Mexico
  • Loxosceles panama Gertsch, 1958 – Panama
  • Loxosceles parramae Newlands, 1981 – South Africa
  • Loxosceles persica Ribera & Zamani, 2017 – Iran
  • Loxosceles pilosa Purcell, 1908 – Namibia, South Africa
  • Loxosceles piura Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles pucara Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles puortoi Martins, Knysak & Bertani, 2002 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – North America
  • Loxosceles rica Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Costa Rica
  • Loxosceles rosana Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles rothi Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (type species) – Southern Europe, northern Africa to Iran; introduced to US, Macaronesia, India, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Australia, Hawaii
  • Loxosceles rufipes (Lucas, 1834) – Guatemala, Panama, Colombia; introduced to West Africa
  • Loxosceles russelli Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US
  • Loxosceles sabina Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – US
  • Loxosceles sansebastianensis González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela
  • Loxosceles seri Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles similis Moenkhaus, 1898 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles simillima Lawrence, 1927 – Southern Africa
  • Loxosceles smithi Simon, 1897 – Ethiopia
  • Loxosceles sonora Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles spadicea Simon, 1907 – Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
  • Loxosceles speluncarum Simon, 1893 – South Africa
  • Loxosceles spinulosa Purcell, 1904 – South Africa
  • Loxosceles surca Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles taeniopalpis Simon, 1907 – Ecuador
  • Loxosceles taino Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Bahama Is., Jamaica, Hispaniola
  • Loxosceles tazarte Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles tehuana Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles tenango Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles teresa Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles tibicena Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Is.
  • Loxosceles tlacolula Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles valdosa Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico
  • Loxosceles variegata Simon, 1897 – Paraguay
  • Loxosceles virgo Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Virgin Is.
  • Loxosceles vonwredei Newlands, 1980 – Namibia
  • Loxosceles weyrauchi Gertsch, 1967 – Peru
  • Loxosceles willianilsoni Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil
  • Loxosceles yucatana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 – Mexico, Belize, Guatemala
  • Loxosceles zapoteca Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Gen. Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  2. ↑ Binkovitz, Leah. "Why We Should All Celebrate Save a Spider Day". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  3. ↑ Sandidge, J. (2003). "Arachnology: Scavenging by brown recluse spiders". Nature. 426 (30): 30. Bibcode:2003Natur.426...30S. doi:10.1038/426030a. PMID 14603305.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Vetter, R. S. (2008). "Spiders of the genus Loxosceles: a review of biological, medical and psychological aspects regarding envenomations" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 36 (3): 150–163. doi:10.1636/RSt08-06.1.
  5. ↑ Binford, G. J.; et al. (2005). "Sphingomyelinase D from venoms of Loxosceles spiders: evolutionary insights from cDNA sequences and gene structure" (PDF). Toxicon. 45 (5): 547–560. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.011. PMID 15777950.
  6. ↑ Schroeder, F. C.; et al. (2008). "NMR-spectroscopic screening of spider venom reveals sulfated nucleosides as major components for the brown recluse and related species". PNAS. 105 (38): 14283–14287. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514283S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806840105. PMC 2567178.
  7. 1 2 Swanson, D. L.; Vetter, R. S. (2006). "Loxoscelism" (PDF). Clinics in Dermatology. 24 (3): 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.006. PMID 16714202. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  8. ↑ Vetter, R. and D. Barger. (2002). "An infestation of 2,055 brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) and no envenomations in a Kansas home: implications for bite diagnoses in nonendemic areas". J Med Entomol. 39 (6): 948–51. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.948. PMID 12495200.
  9. ↑ Vetter, R. and S. Bush. (2002). "The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology". Ann Emerg Med. 39 (5): 544–6. doi:10.1067/mem.2002.123594. PMID 11973562.
  10. ↑ "UCR Spiders Site". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  11. ↑ Hite, J. M. (1966). The biology of the brown recluse spider. Kansas State University.
  12. ↑ Pauli, I.; et al. (2006). "The efficacy of antivenom in loxoscelism treatment". Toxicon. 48 (2): 123–37. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.05.005.
  13. ↑ Wright, S. W.; et al. (1997). "Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 30: 28–32. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70106-9.
  14. ↑ Anderson, P. C. (1998). "Missouri brown recluse spider: a review and update". Missouri Medicine. 95 (7): 318–22. PMID 9666677.
  15. ↑ Cacy, J. and J. W. Mold. (1999). "The clinical characteristics of brown recluse spider bites treated by family physicians: an OKPRN study". Journal of Family Practice. 48 (7): 536–42. PMID 10428252.
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