List of monarchs of Persia

Shah of Iran
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Persia
Details
First monarch Achaemenes
Last monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Formation 550 BCE
Abolition 11 February 1979
Pretender(s)

This article lists the monarchs of Persia, who ruled over the area of modern-day Iran from the establishment of the Achaemenid dynasty by Achaemenes around 705 BCE until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

Earlier monarchs in the area of modern-day Iran are listed in:

Minor dynasties and vassal monarchs can be found in:

Achaemenid Kingdom (~705–559 BCE)

The first royal dynasty to rule Persia.

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Achaemenid dynasty
King Achaemenes ~705 BCE c. 680 – c. 675 BC c. 675 BC First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom
King Teispes?Son of Achaemenes675–640 BCE640 BCE
King Cyrus I ? Son of Teispes 625–600 BC 580 BCE
King Cambyses I 600 BCE Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II 580–559 BC 559 BC

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BCE)

Extent of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire

The first Persian Empire, carved out by Cyrus the Great through his conquests of Media, Lydia, and Babylonia.

Portrait Titles Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Achaemenid dynasty
The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World Cyrus the Great – 600 BCE Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages 559–530 BCE 530 BCE King of Anshan from 559 BCE. Killed in battle with Massagetes
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Cambyses II – ? Son of Cyrus the Great 530–522 BCE 521 BCE Died while en route to put down a rebellion.

Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire[1]

The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Bardiya Gaumata (?) ? Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) 522 BCE 522 BCE Killed by Persian aristocrats
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius I – 550 BCE Son of Hystaspes 522–486 BCE 486 BCE Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib
Nswbty: Stutre[2]
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes I – 519 BCE Son of Darius I 485–465 BCE 465 BCE Most likely is the King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther[3]
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes I Arses ? Son of Xerxes I 465–424 BCE 424 BCE Believed by some to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes II Artaxerxes ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424 BCE 424 BCE Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ? Sogdianus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–423 BCE 423 BCE Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius II Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–404 BCE 404 BCE
The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes II Arsaces 436 Son of Darius II 404–358 BCE 358 BCE
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes III Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes II 358–338 BCE 338 BCE Killed
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes IV Arses ? Son of Artaxerxes III 338–336 BCE 336 BCE Killed
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius III Artashata 380 Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II 336–330 BCE 330 BCE Killed by Artaxerxes V
The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes V Bessus ? Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II 330–329 BCE 329 BCE Killed by Alexander III

Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BCE)

The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent

A dynasty of Greek origin established by Alexander the Great on his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire.

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Argead dynasty
King Alexander the Great 356 BCE Son of Philip II of Macedonia 336–323 BCE 13 June 323 BCE King of Macedonia from 336 BCE as Alexander III
King Philip III c. 359 BCE Son of Philip II of Macedonia June 323– 317 BCE 317 BCE Killed by Olympias
King Alexander IV Sept. 323 BCE Son of Alexander III Sept. 323–309 BCE 309 BCE King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
Regent Perdiccas ? June 323–321 BCE 321 BCE Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
Regent Antipater 398 BCE Son of Iollas 321–319 BCE 319 BCE Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
Regent Polyperchon 394 BCE Son of Simmias 319–316 BCE 303 BCE Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
Regent Cassander c. 350 Son of Antipater 316–309 BCE 297 BCE Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BCE)

The Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent

The main successor kingdom to the Empire of Alexander the Great.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Seleucid dynasty
King Seleucus I Nicator – c. 358 BCE Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus 311–281 BCE 281 BCE Assumed title of "King" from 306 BCE.
King Antiochus I Soter – ? Son of Seleucus I 281–261 BCE 261 BCE Co-ruler from 291
King Antiochus II Theos – 286 BCE Son of Antiochus I 261–246 BCE 246 BCE
King Seleucus II Callinicus – ? Son of Antiochus II 246–225 BCE 225 BCE
King Seleucus III Ceraunus Alexander c. 243 BCE Son of Seleucus II 225–223 BCE 223 BCE
Great King Antiochus III the Great – c. 241 BCE Son of Seleucus II 223–187 BCE 187 BCE
King Seleucus IV Philopator – ? Son of Antiochus III 187–175 BCE 175 BCE
King Antiochus IV Epiphanes Mithridates c. 215 BCE Son of Antiochus III 175–163 BCE 163 BCE Killed in Elymais
King Antiochus V Eupator – c. 172 BCE Son of Antiochus IV 163–161 BCE 161 BCE
King Demetrius I Soter – 185 BCE Son of Seleucus IV 161–150 BCE 150 BCE
King Alexander Balas – ? Purported son of Antiochus IV 150–146 BCE 146 BCE
King Demetrius II Nicator – ? Son of Demetrius I 146–139 BCE 139 BCE Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
King Antiochus VI Dionysus – 148 BCE Son of Alexander III. 145–142 BCE 138 BCE In competition with Demetrius II.
King Antiochus VII Sidetes – ? Son of Demetrius I 139–129 BC 129 BC Killed in battle with Phraates II

Parthian Empire (247 BCE – CE 228)

A dynasty of North Iranian or Scythian origin , that gradually overran the Seleucid Empire as it declined.

The Parthian Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Arsacid dynasty
King, Karen, Autocrator Arsaces I Tiridates I or Arsaces ? A descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II 247–211 BCE 211 BCE
? Arsaces II Artabanus I or Arsaces ? Son of Arsaces I 211–185 BCE[4] 185 BCE
? Arsaces III Phriapatius ? Grandson of Tiridates I 185–170 BCE[4] 170 BCE
? Arsaces IV Phraates I ? Son of Phriapatius 170–167 BCE[5] 167 BCE
The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene Arsaces V Mithridates I ? Son of Phriapatius 167[5] –132 BCE[6] 132 BCE
The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros Arsaces VI Phraates II ? Son of Mithridates I 132–127 BCE[6] 127 BCE Killed in battle with Scythians
King Arsaces VII Artabanus II ? Son of Phriapatius 127–126 BCE[6] 126 BCE Killed in battle with Tocharians
The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[6] ? Son of Phriapatius 126–122 BCE[6] 122 BCE He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces IX Artabanus(?)[6] ? Son of Artabanus II 122–121 BCE 121 BCE Killed in battle with Medians
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter Arsaces X Mithridates II ? Son of Artabanus II 121[7]–91 BCE 91 BCE
The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator Arsaces XI Gotarzes I ? Son of Mithridates II 91–87 BCE 87 BCE
The Great King, Theopator, Nicator Arsaces XII Artabanus(?)[5] ? Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?) 91–77? BCE 77? BCE
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes Arsaces XIII Mithridates[6] ? Probably son of Mithridates II 88–67 BCE 67 BCE
The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XIV Orodes I ? Probably son of Mithridates II 80–75 BCE 75 BCE
The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XV Sanatruces 157 BCE Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[5] 77–70 BCE 70 BCE
The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes Arsaces XVI[5] Arsaces(?) or Vardanes(?) or Vonones(?) ? ? 77–66 BCE 66 BCE The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XVII Phraates III ? Son of Sanatruces 70–57 BCE 57 BCE Killed by Orodes II
The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XVIII[5] ? ? probably son of Arsaces XVI 66–63 BCE 63 BCE The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene Arsaces XIX Mithridates III ? Son of Phraates III 65[5] –54 BCE 54 BCE Killed by Orodes II
King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes Arsaces XX Orodes II ? Son of Phraates III 57–38 BCE 38 BCE Killed by Phraates IV
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXI Pacorus I ? Son of Orodes II 50–38 BCE 38 BCE Killed in battle with Romans
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXII Phraates IV ? Son of Orodes II 38–2 BCE 2 BCE Killed by Musa
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos Arsaces XXIII Tiridates II ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 30–25 BCE after 23 BCE Deposed and went to Rome
? Arsaces XXIV Mithridates[8] ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 12–9 BCE ?
Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania Musa Musa ? Queen of Phraates IV 2 BCE – 4 CE 4? CE
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXV Phraates V ? Son of Phraates IV & Musa 2 BCE – 4 CE 4 CE Deposed and went to Rome
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXVI Orodes III ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 4–6 6 Killed by Parthian aristocrats
The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus Arsaces XXVII Vonones I ? Son of Phraates IV 8–12 19 Deposed and went to Rome. Later, he was killed by Romans.
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXVIII Artabanus III ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 10–40 40
? Arsaces XXIX Tiridates III ? Probably a descendant of Tiridates II 35–36 ? Deposed and went to Rome
? Arsaces XXX Cinnamus ? Son of Artabanus III 37 ? Abdicated
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXI Gotarzes II 11 Son of Artabanus III 40–51 51
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXII Vardanes I ? Son of Artabanus III 40–46 46 Killed by Gotarzes II
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXIII Vonones II ? Probably son of Artabanus III c. 45–51 51
? Arsaces XXXIV Mithridates[9] ? Son of Vonones I 49–50 ? Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord Arsaces XXXV Vologases I ? Son of Vonones II 51–77 77
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVI Vardanes II ? Son of Vologases I 55–58 ? Deposed
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVII Vologases II ? Probably the eldest son of Vologases I 77–89/90 ?
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVIII Pacorus II ? Probably the younger son of Vologases I 77–115 115
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXIX Artabanus IV ? Probably son of Vologases I or Artabanus III 80–81 ?
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XL Osroes I ? brother of Pacorus II 89/90–130 130
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLI Vologases III ? Probably son of Sanatruces I king of Armenia 89–109 who was brother of Osroes I 105–148 148 He was also king of Armenia as Vologases I
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLII Parthamaspates ? Son of Osroes I 116–117 after 123 Deposed and went to Rome
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIII Mithridates IV ? Probably son of Osroes I c. 130 – c. 145 c. 145
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIV[10] ? ? ? c. 140 – c. 140 c. 140
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLV Vologases IV ? Son of Mithridates IV 148–191 191
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVI Vologases V ? Son of Vologases IV 191–208 208
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVII Osroes II ? Probably son of Vologases IV c. 190 – c. 195 ?
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVIII Vologases VI 181 Son of Vologases V 208–228 228 Killed by Ardashir I
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIX Artabanus V ? Son of Vologases V 213–226 226 Killed by Ardashir I
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces L Tiridates IV[11] ? Son of Vologases IV 217–222 ? He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent

A native Persian dynasty that toppled the Parthian Empire and attempted to reestablish the power of the Achaemenid Empire, the last Zoroastrian dynasty to rule all of Persia.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
House of Sasan
Shahanshah[12] Ardashir I – 180 Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan 28 April 224 – February 242 February 242
Shahanshah Shapur I – 215 Son of Ardashir I 12 April 240 – May 270 May 270
Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[13] Hormizd I Hormozd-Ardashir ? Son of Shapur I May 270 – June 271 June 271
Shahanshah, Gilanshah Bahram I – ? Son of Shapur I June 271 – September 274 September 274
Shahanshah Bahram II – ? Son of Bahram I September 274 – 293 293
Shahanshah, Sakanshah Bahram III – ? Son of Bahram II 293 293 Deposed
Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah Narseh I – ? Son of Shapur I 293–302 302
Shahanshah Hormizd II – ? Son of Narseh I 302–309 309 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Adhur Narseh – ? Son of Hormizd II 309 309 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[14] Shapur II – 309 Son of Hormizd II 309–379 379
Shahanshah Ardashir II – ? Son of Shapur II 379–383 383
Shahanshah Shapur III – ? Son of Shapur II 383 – December 388 December 388 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah, Kirmanshah Bahram IV – ? Son of Shapur II December 388 – 399 399
Shahanshah Yazdegerd I – 363 Son of Shapur III 399 – 21 January 420 21 January 420 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Bahram V – 406 Son of Yazdegerd I 21 January 420 – 20 June 438 20 June 438
Shahanshah Yazdegerd II – ? Son of Bahram V 20 June 438 – 15 December 457 15 December 457
Shahanshah Hormizd III – 399 Son of Yazdegerd II 457–459 459 Killed by Peroz I
Shahanshah Peroz I – 459 Son of Yazdegerd II 457 – January 484 January 484 Killed in battle with Hephthalites
Shahanshah Balash – ? Son of Yazdegerd II February 484 – 488 488
Shahanshah Kavadh I – 449 Son of Peroz I 488–496 13 September 531 Deposed
Shahanshah Djamasp – ? Son of Peroz I 496–498 502 Deposed
Shahanshah Kavadh I – 449 Son of Peroz I 498 – 13 September 531 13 September 531
Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just Khosrau I – 500 Son of Kavadh I 13 September 531 – 31 January 579 31 January 579
Shahanshah Hormizd IV – 540 Son of Khosrau I 31 January 579 – 5 September 590 5 September 590 Killed by Vistahm
Shahanshah, Aparviz Khosrau II – 570 Son of Hormizd IV September 590 – September 590 February 28, 628 Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
Shahanshah, Chubineh Bahram VI Mehrbandak ? Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran September – 590 January 591 591 Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
Shahanshah, Aparviz Khosrau II – 570 Son of Hormizd IV January 591 – 25 February 628 February 28, 628 Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
Shahanshah Vistahm – ? Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI 591 – 596 or 600 596 or 600 Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Kavadh II Shiruyah ? Son of Khosrau II 25 February 628 – 15 September 628 15 September 628 Died from plague
Shahanshah Ardashir III – 621 Son of Kavadh II 15 September 628 – 27 April 629 27 April 629 Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz Shahrbaraz – ? Sasanian general from the House of Mihran 27 April 629 – 17 June 629 17 June 629 Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Khosrau III – ? Nephew of Khosrau II 630 630 Killed after a few days reign
Shahbanu[15] Borandukht – 590 Daughter of Khosrau II 17 June 629 – 16 June 630 (First reign)

631 – 632 (Second reign)

 632 Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz

Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow

Shahanshah Shapur-i Shahrvaraz – ? Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II 630 ? Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
Shahanshah Peroz II Gushnasp-Bandeh ? Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I. 630 630 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahbanu Azarmidokht – ? Daughter of Khosrau II 630–631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Khosrau IV Khurrazadh ? Son of Khosrau II 631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
Shahanshah Farrokh Hormizd – ? Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm 630–631 631 Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Hormizd VI – ? Grandson of Khosrau II 630–631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Yazdegerd III – 624 Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II 16 June 632–651 651 Killed by a miller

Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)

Dabuyids (c. 720)

A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Umayyad Caliphate.

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Dabuyid dynasty
Ispahbadh Gil Gavbara ? Son of Piruz 642–660 660
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Dabuya ? Son of Gil Gavbara 660–676 676
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Farrukhan I the Great ? Son of Dabuya 712–728 728
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Dadhburzmihr ? Son of Farrukhan the Great 728–740/741 740/741
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Farrukhan II the Little ? Son of Farrukhan the Great 740/741–747/48 747/48 Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Khurshid of Tabaristan 734 Son of Dadhburzmihr 740/741–760 761 Committed suicide

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

The first Caliphate and first Muslim rulers of Persia.

The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Al-Faruq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Umar ibn Al-Khattab Abu Hafs 583 Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl. 642–644 644 Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Piruz Nahavandi
Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Uthman ibn Affan Abu Amr 579 Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan. 644–656 656 Killed by Kharijites
Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Abul-Hasan 598 Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad. 656–661 661 Killed by Kharijites

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

An Arab dynasty that overthrew the Rashidun Caliphate.

Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 750)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Umayyad dynasty
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Muawiyah I Abu Abdullah ? Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad 661–680 680
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid I Abu Khalid ? Son of Muawiyah I 680–683 683
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Muawiyah II Abu Abd ur-Rahman ? Son of Yazid I 683–684 ? Abdicated (?)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Marwan I Abu Abd al-Malik ? Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I 684–685 685 Killed by his wife
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Abd al-Malik Abu'l-Walid ? Son of Marwan I 685–705 705
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Walid I Abu'l-Abbas ? Son of Abd al-Malik 705–715 715
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Sulayman Abu Ayyub ? Son of Abd al-Malik 715–717 717
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Umar II Abu Hafṣ ? Son of Abd al-Aziz son of Marwan I 717–720 720
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid II Abu Khalid ? Son of Abd al-Malik 720–724 724
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Hisham Abu'l-Walid ? Son of Abd al-Malik 724–743 743
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Walid II Abu'l-Abbas ? Son of Yazid II 743–744 744
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid III Abu Khalid ? Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III 744–744 744 Killed
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Ibrahim Abu Ishaq ? Son of Al-Walid I 744–744 744 Killed
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Marwan II Abu Abd al-Malik ? Son of Muhammad son of Marwan I 744–750 750 Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)

An Arab dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate.

Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Abbasid dynasty
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin As-Saffah Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah 721 Son of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah who was Muhammad's paternal uncle 750–754 754
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far Abdullah 714 Brother of As-Saffah 754–775 775
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mahdi Abu Abdullah Muhammad 744/745 Son of Al-Mansur 775–785 785
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Hadi Abu Mohammad Musa 764 Son of Al-Mahdi 785–786 786
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Ar-Rashid Abu Ja'far Harun 763/766 Son of Al-Mahdi 786–809 809
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Amin Abu Abdullah Muhammad 787 Son of Harun al-Rashid 809–813 813 Killed by Al-Ma'mun
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Ma'mun Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah 786 Son of Harun al-Rashid 813–833 833
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mu'tasim Abu Ishaq Muhammad 795 Son of Harun al-Rashid 833–842 842
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 816 Son of Al-Mu'tasim 842–847 847
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mutawakkil Abu'l-Fazl Ja'far 821 Son of Al-Mu'tasim 847–861 861 Killed by Al-Muntasir
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad 837 Son of Al-Mutawakkil 861–862 862
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Musta'in Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad 836 Son of Muhammad son of Al-Mu'tasim 862–866 866 Deposed and later killed
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mu'tazz Abu Abdullah Zubayr 847 Son of Al-Mutawakkil 866–869 869 Deposed and later killed
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Muhtadi Abu Ishaq Muhammad ? Son of Al-Wathiq 869–870 870
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mu'tamid Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad 844 Son of Al-Mutawakkil 870–892 892
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mu'tadid Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad 854/861 Son of Talha al-Muwaffaq son of Al-Mutawakkil 892–902 902
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Muktafi Abu Mohammad Ali 877/878 Son of Al-Mu'tadid 902–908 908
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Muqtadir Abul-Fazl Ja'far 895 Son of Al-Mu'tadid 908–929

and

929–932

 929 Briefly deposed.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 Son of Al-Mu'tadid 929

and

932–934

 929 Forced to resign the throne in the face of public protest, later deposed and blinded.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Abu'l-Abbas Ar-Radi Muhammad 907 Son of Al-Muqtadir 934–940 940 De facto power in the hands of Ibn Ra'iq 936-938
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Muttaqi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 908 Son of Al-Muqtadir 940–944 944 De facto power in the hands of Bajkam 940-941, Ibn Ra'iq 941-942, Nasir al-Dawla 942-943 & Tuzun 943-944, who deposed and blinded him.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mustakfi Abu'l-Qasim Abdullah 905 Son of Al-Muktafi 944–946 946 De facto power in the hands of Tuzun 944-945 & Abu Jafar 945-946. Deposed and blinded by Mu'izz al-Dawla

Samanid Kingdom (819–999)

An early Iranian Muslim dynasty.

Samanid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Samanid dynasty
Ahmad I ? ? 819–864/865 864/5
Nasr I ? ? 864/865–892 892
Adel Isma'il I ? ? 892–907 907
Shaheed Ahmad II ? ? 907–914 914
Saeed Nasr II ? ? 914–942 943
Hamid Nuh I ? ? 942–954 954
Rashid 'Abd al-Malik I ? ? 954–961 961
Mo'ayyed Mansur I ? ? 961–976 976
Radhi Nuh II ? ? 976–996 997
Abol Hareth Mansur II ? ? 996–999 999
Abol Favares 'Abd al-Malik II ? ? 999 999
Montaser Isma'il II ? ? 1000–1005 1005

Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)

An early Iranian Muslim dynasty.

Saffarid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Saffarid dynasty
Emir Ya'qub as-Saffar – 840 Son of al-Layth 861–879 879 Died of sickness
Emir Amr – ? Son of al-Layth 879–901 902 Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
Emir Tahir Abu'l-Hasan ? Son of Muhammad, son of Amr 901–908 ? Imprisoned in Baghdad
Emir Al-Layth – ? Son of Ali, son of al-Layth 909–910 928 Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
Emir Muhammad – ? Son of Ali, son of al-Layth 910–911 ? Imprisoned in Baghdad
Emir Amr Abu Hafs 902 Son of Ya'qub 912–913 ? Overthrown by the Samanids
Emir Ahmad Abu Ja'far June 21, 906 Son of Muhammad, son of Amr 923–963 March 31, 963 Killed by Abu’l-‘Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
Emir Khalaf Abu Ahmad November 937 Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad 963–1003 March 1009 Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, dies as exile in 1009

Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

An originally Buddhist dynasty that later converted to Sunni Islam.

Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Ghurid dynasty
Malik Amir Suri ? Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[16] ?–? ? was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
Malik Muhammad ibn Suri ? Son of Amir Suri ?–1011 1011 Poisoned himself
Malik Abu Ali ibn Muhammad ? Son of Muhammad ibn Suri 1011–1035 1035 Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
Malik Abbas ibn Shith ? 1035–1060 1060 Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
Malik Muhammad ibn Abbas ? Son of Abbas ibn Shith 1060–1080 1080
Malik Qutb al-din Hasan ? Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas 1080–1100 1100
Malik Izz al-Din Husayn ? Son of Qutb al-din Hasan 1100–1146 1146
Malik Sayf al-Din Suri ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1146–1149 1149
Malik Baha al-Din Sam I ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1149 1149
Malik Ala al-Din Husayn ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1149–1161 1161
Malik Sayf al-Din Muhammad ? Son of Ala al-Din Husayn 1161–1163 1163
Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1139 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I 1163–1202 1202
Sultan Mu'izz al-Din 1149 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I 1173–1206 1206
Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud ? Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1206–1212 1212
Sultan Baha al-Din Sam III ? Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 1212–1213 1213
Sultan Ala al-Din Atsiz 1159 Son of Ala al-Din Husayn 1213–1214 1214
Sultan Ala al-Din Ali ? Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad 1214–1215 1215

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

A Shia dynasty of Iranian origin.

Buyid Dynasty at its greatest extent

The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Buyids of Fars
Emir, Amir al-umara Imad al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali 891 Son of Buya 934–949 949 Also Senior Buyid Emir (934-949)
Emir, Shahanshah Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw 936 Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla 949–983 983 Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) and Emir of Iraq (978-983)
Emir, Amir al-umara Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil 962 Son of Adud al-Dawla 983–989 989 Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987-989)
Emir, King Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzuban 964 son of Adud al-Dawla 989–998 998 Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986)
Emir, King, Shahanshah Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz 971 Son of Adud al-Dawla 998–1012 1012 Also Emir of Iraq (988-1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012)
Emir Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja 992 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1012–1024 1024 Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021)
Emir, Shahanshah Abu Kalijar Marzuban 1011 Son of Sultan al-Dawla 1024–1048 1048 Also Emir of Kerman (1028-1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044-1048)
Emir Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1048–1054 1062 Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
Emir Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1051–1054 ? Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
Emir Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1054–1062 1062 Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan
Emir, Amir al-umara Rukn al-Dawla Abu Ali Hasan 898 Son of Buya 935–976 976 Also Senior Buyid Emir (949-976)
Emir Fakhr al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali 952 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 976–980

and

983–997

 980 Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984-997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991-997)
Emir Mu'ayyad al-Dawla Abu Mansur 941 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 976–983 983 Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
Emir Majd al-Dawla Abu Taleb Rostam 993 Son of Fakhr al-Dawla 997–1029 1029 Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Emir Shams al-Dawla Abu Taher ? Son of Fakhr al-Dawla 997–1021 1021 Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Emir Sama' al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali ? Son of Shams al-Dawla 1021–1023 1023 Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan
Emir, Amir al-umara Mu'izz al-Dawla Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad 915 Son of Buya 945–966 966
Emir, Amir al-umara Izz al-Dawla Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar 943 Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla 966–979 979 Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976-978)
Emir, Shahanshah Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw 937 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 977–983 983 Also Emir of Fars (949-983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976-983)
Emir, King Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzban 964 Son of Adud al-Dawla 983–987 998 Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989-998)
Emir, Amir al-umara Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil 962 Son of Adud al-Dawla 987–989 989 Also Emir of Fars (983-989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987-989)
Emir Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz 970 Son of Adud al-Dawla 989–1012 1012 Also Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) and Emir of Fars (999-1012)
Emir Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja 992 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1012–1021 1024 Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) and Emir of Fars (1012-1024)
Emir, Shahanshah, King Musharrif al-Dawla Abu 'Ali 1002 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1021–1025 1025 Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024-1025)
Emir Jalal al-Dawla Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla 994 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1027–1043 1043
Emir, Shahanshah Abu Kalijar Marzuban 1011 Son of Sultan al-Dawla 1043–1048 1048 Also Emir of Fars (1024-1048), Emir of Kerman (1028-1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048)
Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1048–1055 1058 Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051-1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)

An Iranian Muslim dynasty.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Ziyarid dynasty
Abolhajjaj, Emir Mardavij ? son of Ziyar 928–934 934
Abutaher Voshmgir ? son of Ziyar 934–967 967
Zahir od-Dowleh Bisotoon ? son of Voshmgir 967–976 976
Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan Qabus ? son of Voshmgir 976–1012 1012
Falak ol-Ma'ali Manuchehr ? son of Qabus 1012–1031 1031
Sharaf ol-Ma'ali Anushiravan ? son of Manuchehr 1031–1043 1043
Onsor ol-Ma'ali Keikavus ? son of Eskandar son of Qabus ? ?
Gilanshah ? son of Keykavous ? ?

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092

The Seljuk dynasty was the first Turkic dynasty to rule over Persia. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and the Levant, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Seljuq dynasty
Beg, Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Toğrül I Abu Talib Mohammad 995 Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq 1029–1063 1063
Sultan ʿAdud ad-Dawla Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad 1039 Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I 1063–1072 1072
Sultan Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan 1055 Son of Alp Arslan 1072–1092 1092 Killed by Assassins
Sultan Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I 1086 Son of Malik Shah I 1092–1094 1094
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq 1080 Son of Malik Shah I 1094–1105 1105
Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar 1082 Son of Malik Shah I 1105–1118 1118
Sultan Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Mahmud II 1104 Son of Muhammad I 1118–1131 1131 Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Talib Toghrul II 1109 Son of Muhammad I 1132–1134 1134 Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
Sultan As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar 1087 Son of Malik Shah I 1097–1157 1157 Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud 1109 Son of Muhammad I 1134–1152 1152 Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
Sultan Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Malik Shah II 1128 Son of Mahmud II 1152–1153

and

1160

 1153 Deposed by Khass Bey

Regained throne but then deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.

Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad II 1128 Son of Mahmud II 1153–1160 1160 Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153-1155)
Sultan Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah 1118 Son of Muhammad I 1153–1155

and

1160–1161

 1162 Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II

Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials

Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Arslan 1134 Son of Toghrul II 1161–1176 1176 De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160-1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174-1176)
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Talib Toghrul III ? Son of Arslan 1176–1194 1194 De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176-1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186-1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.

Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish

Sultan Sanjar II ? Son of Sulayman Shah 1189–1191 1191 De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189-1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids
Sultan Qizil Arslan ? Son of Ildeniz 1191 1191 Held de facto power (1186-1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

Khwarazmian Empire at its greatest extent

The Khawarazmian dynasty is another dynasty of Turkic origin to rule over Persia. An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family Relations Reign Death Note
Khwarazmian dynasty
Sultan Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Atsiz 1097/1105 son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm 1153–1156 1156 Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
Sultan Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Il-Arslan ? son of Atsiz 1156–1172 1172
Sultan Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Tekish ? son of Il-Arslan 1172–1200 1200 With opposition from Sultan shah
Shah Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ? son of Tekish 1200–1220 1220 Eliminated by the Mongols
Jalal od-Din, Sultan Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Mingburnu ? son of Muhammad 1220–1231 1231 Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire (1220–1256)

Subjugated the Khwarazmian dynasty, along with much of the known world.

Mongol Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Borjigin dyansty
Khan Genghis Temujin 1162 Son of Yesugei Baghatur 1220–1227 1227 Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
Khan Tolui 1192 Son of Genghis 25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229 13 September 1229 Regent
Khan Ögedei c. 1186 Son of Genghis 13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241 1232
Khatun Töregene ? Wife of Ögedei 1242 – March 1246 ? Regent
Khan Güyük c. 1206 Son of Ögedei and Töregene 1246–1248 1248
Khatun Oghul Qaimish ? Wife of Güyük 1248–1251 1251 Regent
Khan Möngke 10 January 1209 Son of Tolui 1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259 11 August 1259

Ilkhanate and successor kingdoms (1256–1501)

The Persian-based successor states to the Mongol Empire.

Ilkhanate at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

Portrait Title Throne name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Borjigin dyansty
Khan, Ilkhan Hulagu c. 1217 Son of Tolui 1256 – 8 February 1265 8 February 1265
Khan, Ilkhan Abaqa 1234 Son of Hulagu 1265 – 1 April 1282 1 April 1282
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Ahmad Nicholas Tekuder ? Son of Hulagu 1282–1284 1284 Killed by Arghun
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Arghun c. 1258 Son of Abaqa 1284 – 7 March 1291 7 March 1291
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Gaykhatu ? Son of Abaqa 1291–1295 1295 Killed by general Taghachar
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Baydu ? Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu 1295 1295 Executed by Ghazan
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Mahmud Ghazan 5 November 1271 Son of Arghun 1295–1304 1304
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Muhammad Khodabandeh Öljaitü 1280 Son of Arghun 1304 – 16 December 1316 16 December 1316
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Abu Sa'id Ala' ad-Din Bahadur 2 June 1305 Son of Öljaitü 1316 – 1 December 1335 1 December 1335
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Arpa Ke'un Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud ? Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui 1335 – 10 April 1336 10 April 1336 Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Nasir ad-Din Musa ? Son of Ali son of Baydu 12 April 1336 – 1337 1337 Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Togha Temür ? Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur 1335–1353 1353 In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Muzaffar ad-Din Muhammad ? Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu 1336–1338 1338 Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
Khatun Sati beg c. 1300 Daughter of Öljaitü 1338–1339 After 1345 Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Izz ad-Din Jahan Temür ? Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu 1339–1340 ? Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Suleiman ? Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu May 1339–1345 ? Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Anushirwan ? ? 1344–1356 ? Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Luqman ? Son of Togha Temür 1353–1388 ? Puppet of Timur
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Ghazan II ? ? 1356–1357 ? Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Sarbadars in 1345
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Amir Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah ? 1337–1338 1338 Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
Amir Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah ? brother of Abd al-Razzaq 1338–1344 1344 Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
Amir Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346) ? Unrelated to predecessors 1344–1346 1346 Overthrown and executed
Amir Kulu Isfendiyar ? Unrelated to predecessors 1346–c. 1347 c. 1347
Amir Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah ? brother of Abd al-Razzaq c. 1347 ? Forced to abdicate by successor
Amir Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali ? Unrelated to predecessors 1347–1351/1352 1351/1352 Assassinated by a disgruntled official
Amir Yahya Karawi ? Unrelated to predecessors 1351/1352–1355/1356 1355/1356 Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
Amir Zahir al-Din Karawi ? Nephew of Yahya Karawi 1355/1356 1355/1356 Deposed by vizier
Amir Haidar Qassab ? Unrelated to predecessors 1355/1356 1356 Assassinated by a Turkish slave
Amir Lutf Allah ? Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud 1356–1357/1358 or 1361 1357/1358 or 1361 Deposed and executed by his vizier
Amir Hasan al-Damghani ? Unrelated to predecessors 1357/1358 or 1361–1361/1362 1361/1362 Overthrown by Dervish rebels
Amir Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud ? Unrelated to predecessors 1361/1362–1376/1377

and

1376/1377–1381

 ? Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381
Amir Rukn ad-Din ? Unrelated to predecessors 1376/1377 ? Installed by Dervish rebels.

Chupanids (1335–1357)

Chupanids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Amir Hassan Kuchak c. 1319 Son of Timurtash son of Chupan July 16, 1338 – December 15, 1343 December 15, 1343 Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
Amir Yagi Basti ? Son of Chupan 1343–1344 1344 Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir Surgan c. 1320 Son of Chupan and Sati Beg 1343–1345 1345 Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir Malek Ashraf ? Brother of Hassan Kuchak 1343–1357 1357 Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
Amir Temürtas ? Son of Malek Ashraf 1360 1360 Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Jalayirids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Ulus Beg Taj-ud-Din Hasan Buzurg ? Son-in-law of Chupan 1336–1356 1356 Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
Bahadur Khan Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din Shaikh Uvais c. 1337-1374 Son of Hasan Buzurg 1356–1374 1374
Shaikh Hasan ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1374–1374 1374 Killed by the Amirs
Shaikh Jalal-ud-Din Husain I (1374–1382) ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1374–1382 1382 Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
Shaikh Bayazid ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1382–1384 1384 In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
Sultan Ghiyath ud-Din Ahmad ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1383–1410 1410 In exile 1393-4, 1400-2, 1403-5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
Sultan Ala ud-Dunya Shah Walad ? Son of Ali, son of Uvais 1410–1411 1411
Sultan Mahmud ? Son of Shah Walad 1411 1425 Under regency of Tandu Khatun
Sultan Uvais ? Son of Shah Walad 1415–1421 1421
Sultan Muhammad ? Son of Shah Walad 1421 1421
Sultan Mahmud ? Son of Shah Walad 1421–1425 1425 Second reign
Hussain ? Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed 1425–1432 1432 Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

Injuids (1335–1357)

Injuids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah ? 1304–1335 1335 Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un.
Amir Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1335–1338/9 1338/9
Amir Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1338–1342 1342 In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
Amir Shams ad-Din Muhammad ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1339/40 1339/40 In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
Amir Shaikh Abu Ishaq ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1343–1357 ? Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Muzaffarids at its greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Emir Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar 1301 1314–1358 1368 Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
Emir Shah Shuja ? 1358–1384 1384
Emir Zain al-Abidin ? 1384–1387 1387
Emir Shah Yahya ? 1387–1391 1391 Only ruled in Shiraz
Emir Shah Mansur ? 1391–1393 1393

Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)

Kara Koyunlu at its greatest extent
Portrait Title Regnal Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death Family relations Notes
Bey Qara Muhammad Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja ? 1378–1388 1388 First Bey of Kara Koynulu
Bey Qara Yusuf Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad ? 1388–1420 1420 Reign ended by Timurid invasion
Bey Qara Iskander Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf ? 1420–1436 1436 Killed
Bey Jahan Shah Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf 1397 1438 – 11 November 1467 11 November 1467 Son of Qara Yusuf Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
Bey Hasan Ali Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah ? 11 November 1467 – 1468 1468 Son of Jahan Shah Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Aq Koyunlu (1378–1497)

Ak Koyunlu at the year of Uzun Hasan's death, 1478
Portrait Title Regnal Name Personal Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Bey Qara Osman Qara Yuluk (Nickname) ? 1378–1435 1435 For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
Bey Ali Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük ? Son of Qara Osman 1435–1438 1438
Bey Hamza ? 1403–1435 1444
Bey Jahangir M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük ? Son of Qara Osman 1444–1453 1453
Bey Uzun Hassan Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir ? Son of Jahangir 1453 – January 6, 1478 January 6, 1478
Bey Khalil Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan ? Son of Uzun Hasan 1478–1479 1479
Bey Yaqub Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan ? Son of Uzun Hasan 1479–1490 1490
Bey Baysongur Baysongur ibn Yaqub ? Son of Yaqub 1490–1491 1491
Bey Rostam Rostam ibn Maqsud ? Son of Maqsud 1491–1497 1497
Bey Ahmad Govde Ahmad Govde ibn Muhammad ? Son of Muhammad 1497 1497

Sources:[17][18]

Timurid Empire (1370–1507)

Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400

The Timurid dynasty was of Turco-Mongol origin which adopted Islam and the Persian literary and high culture, Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Timurid dynasty
Emir, Beg, Khan, Mirza, Gurkani Timur Tarmashirin Khan Barlas 9 April 1336 Son of Muhammad Taraghai 1370 – 18 February 1405 18 February 1405
Emir, Khan Pir Muhammad Pir Muhammad Khan bin Jahangir c. 1374 Grandson of Timur 18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407 22 February 1407
Emir, Sultan, Shah Khalil Sultan Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah c. 1384 Grandson of Timur 18 February 1405 – 13 May 1409 13 May 1409
Mirza Shahrukh Mirza Shahrukh Mirza 30 August 1377 Son of Timur 18 February 1405 – 12 March 1447 12 March 1447
Mirza, Sultan Ulugh Beg Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay 22 March 1394 Son of Shahrukh Mirza 12 March 1447 – 27 October 1449 27 October 1449 Deposed and murdered by his successor
Rulers in Transoxiana
Mirza, Sultan Abdal-Latif Padarkush c. 1429 Son of Ulugh Beg 27 October 1449 – 9 May 1450 9 May 1450 Murdered by Amirs
Mirza 'Abdullah c. 1410 Grandson of Shah Rukh 9 May 1450 – June 1451 June 1451 Deposed and executed by his successor
Mirza Abu Sa'id 1424 Nephew of Ulugh Beg and great-grandson of Timur June 1451 – 17 February 1469 17 February 1469 Conquered Khurasan in 1459, realm disintegrates at his death.
Rulers in Khurasan
Mirza Abul-Qasim Babur ? Grandson of Shah Rukh 1449 – 1457 1457
Mirza Shah Mahmud c. 1446 Son of Babur 1457 – 1457 1460s Expelled by successor
Mirza Ibrahim ? Nephew of Babur 1457 – March 1459 March 1459 Died at Battle of Sarakhs
Interregnum (1459–1469)
Mirza, Sultan Husayn Bayqarah June/July 1438 Great-grandson of Timur 24 March 1469 – 4 May 1506 4 May 1506
Mirza Badi' al-Zaman ? Son of Husayn 4 May 1506 – 1507 1517 Driven out by Uzbeks
Uzbeks (1507–1510)
Khan Shaybani Khan Abul Fath Muhammad c. 1451 1507 – 2 December 1510 2 December 1510 Died at the Battle of Marv

Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with rise of the Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I

The ethnic origin of the Safavid dynasty is still somewhat controversial but by the time of the establishment of the Safavid Empire, the members of the family were native Turkish-speaking and Turkicized, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their native Turkish language according to some sources. Others claim they're migrators from eastern Iran which settled in Azeri lands in which from they adopted that Turkic culture.  Although they later itnermarried with Georgian and Pontic Greeks.[19]

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Safavid dynasty
Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan Ismail I 1487 son of Sultan Heidar 7 November 1502 – 23 May 1524 23 May 1524
Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin, Kagan-i Suleyman shan Tahmasp I 1514 son of Ismail I 23 May 1525 – 25 May 1576 25 May 1576
Shah Ismail II 1537 son of Tahmasp I 25 May 1576 – 24 November 1577 24 November 1577 Poisoned (?)
Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan Mohammad I 1532 son of Tahmasp I 25 May 1576 – 1 October 1587 1596 Deposed
Shahanshah, Sultan, Great Abbas I 1571 son of Mohammad I 1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629 19 January 1629
Shah, Mirza Safi Sam Mirza 1611 son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I 19 January 1629 – 12 May 1642 12 May 1642
Shah Abbas II 1632 son of Safi 12 May 1642 – 26 October 1666 26 October 1666
Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama Suleiman I Safi Mirza 1645 son of Abbas II 26 October 1666 – 29 July 1694 29 July 1694
Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem Sultan Husayn 1668 son of Suleiman I 29 July 1694 – 11 September 1722 11 September 1722 Deposed & then killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
Shah Mahmud Hotak 1697? son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak 23 October 1722 – 22 April 1725 22 April 1725 Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
Shah Ashraf Hotak ? cousin of Mahmud Hotak 22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729 5 October 1729 Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid dynasty
Shah Tahmasp II 1704 son of Sultan Husayn 11 September 1722 – 16 April 1732 1740 Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed & then killed by Nader
Shah Abbas III 1730 son of Tahmasp II 16 April 1732 – 22 January 1736 1739 Under control of Nader. Deposed & then killed by Nader

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

Afsharid dynasty at its greatest extent

Another Turkic dynasty ruling over greater Persia.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Afsharid dynasty
Shah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf Nader Shah Nadhar Qoli Khan 1698 son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar 22 January 1736 – 19 June 1747 19 June 1747 Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
Shah Adil Shah Ali Qoli Beig 1719/20 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader 19 June 1747 – 29 July 1748 1749 Deposed, blinded & then killed by Ebrahim
Shah Ebrahim Afshar Mohammd Ali Beig 1724 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader 29 July 1748 – 3 September 1748 1749 Deposed & then killed by Shahrukh Afshar
Shah Shahrukh Afshar 1734 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi 3 September 1748 – 1796 1796 Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control[20] (1749–1750)
Shah Suleiman II of Persia Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi ? Pretender to the Safavid throne 1749–1750 ? Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration[21] (1750–1796)
Shah Shahrukh Afshar 1734 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi 3 September 1748 – 1796 1796 Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Zand Empire (1751–1794)

Zand dynasty at its greatest extent

A dynasty of possible Kurdish origin.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Reign Death Family relations Notes
Zand dynasty
Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa Karim Khan Mohammad Karim 1705 1751 – 6 March 1779 6 March 1779 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Khan Mohammad Ali Khan 1760 6 March 1779 – 19 June 1779 19 June 1779 son of Karim
Khan Abol Fath Khan 1755 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779 1787 son of Karim
Khan Zaki Khan ? 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779 22 August 1779 son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
Khan Sadiq Khan Zand Mohammad Sadeq ? 22 August 1779 – 14 March 1781 1782 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Khan Ali Murad Khan 1720 14 March 1781 – 11 February 1785 11 February 1785 son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
Khan Jafar Khan ? 18 February 1785 – 23 January 1789 23 January 1789 son of Sadeq
Khan Sayed Murad Khan ? 23 January 1789 – 10 May 1789 10 May 1789 son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
Khan Lotf Ali Khan 1769 23 January 1789 – 20 March 1794 20 March 1794 son of Ja'far Deposed, blinded & then killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

Map of the Qajar dynasty at its greatest extent

Another royal dynasty of Turkic origin.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Reign Death Family relations Note
Qajar dynasty
Khan, Shahanshah, Khaqan Mohammad Khan Qajar Agha Mohammad Khan 14 March 1742 20 March 1794 – 17 June 1797 17 June 1797 son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar Gelded prior to accession. Assassinated
Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran Fath-Ali Shah Qajar Baba Khan 5 September 1772 17 June 1797 – 23 October 1834 23 October 1834 son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad
Shahanshah, Khaqan Mohammad Shah Qajar Mohammad Mirza 5 January 1808 23 October 1834 – 5 September 1848 5 September 1848 son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fath-Ali
Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran, Qebleye alam Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 16 July 1831 5 September 1848 – 1 May 1896 1 May 1896 son of Mohammad and Mahd-e Olia Assassinated at Shah-Abdol-Azim by Mirza Reza Kermani
Shahanshah, Khaqan Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 23 March 1853 1 May 1896 – 3 January 1907 3 January 1907 son of Naser al-Din
Shahanshah Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 21 June 1872 3 January 1907 – 16 July 1909 5 April 1925 son of Mozaffar ad-Din Deposed
Shahanshah Ahmad Shah Qajar 21 January 1898 16 July 1909 – 15 December 1925 21 February 1930 son of Mohammad Ali Deposed

Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

Map of the Pahlavi dynasty at its greatest extent

An ethnically Iranian dynasty and the last royal dynasty to rule Iran.

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Reign Death Family relations Notes
Pahlavi dynasty
Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Sardar Sepah Reza Shah Reza Khan (later Pahlavi) 15 March 1878 15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 26 July 1944 son of Abbas Ali Deposed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion
Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Ariamehr, Bozorg Arteshtaran, Khodaygan Mohammad Reza Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 26 October 1919 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 27 July 1980 son of Reza Shah Deposed during the Iranian Revolution

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30-36.
  2. ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
  3. ↑ "Ahasuerus". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  4. 1 2 Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BCE" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  7. ↑ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BCE"
  8. ↑ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
  9. ↑ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
  10. ↑ See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
  11. ↑ See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
  12. ↑ In Persian it means "King of Kings"
  13. ↑ "The great king of Armenians"
  14. ↑ "The penetrator of the shoulders"
  15. ↑ "Queen"
  16. ↑ In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
  17. ↑ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
  18. ↑ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
  19. ↑ "Trebizond", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2003, retrieved 2018-10-11
  20. ↑ http://www.san.beck.org/1-11-Ottoman1730-1875.html
  21. ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658-1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press

Bibliography

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