List of Sahabah who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr
This is a list of Sahaba who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr. The Sahaba were the companions of Muhammad; bay'ah is the Islamic term for a formal oath of allegiance.
Background
A few months prior to his death, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered all the Muslims who were with him and delivered a long sermon. The sermon included the famous statement, "to whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is also their Mawla." After the end of the sermon, the Muslims were commanded to pledge allegiance to Ali. According to both Shia and Sunni sources, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman were all among the many who pledged allegiance to Ali at the event of Ghadir Khumm.[1][2][3][4][5]
Muhammad passed away a few months after the event of Ghadir Khumm. As Ali buried Muhammad and led his funeral prayer, a group of Muslims gathered at Saqifa. At Saqifa, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr,[6][7] despite the sermon that the Prophet had delivered at Ghadir Khumm, and despite Umar's pledge of allegiance to Ali. A group of Muslims supported Abu Bakr, and became known as the Sunni; another group of Muslims kept their allegiance to Ali, and became known as the Shia.
Detailed list
A Sunni historian Al-Yaqubi [who had converted to Shiaism like his grandfather] mentions in Tarikh al-Yaqubi,
- "A number of migrants and the helpers refused to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr, inclined as they were to favor Ali ibn AbuTalib. Al Abbas bin Abd al-Muttalib, Al-Fadi bin Al-Abbas, Al-Zubayr ibn Al-Awwam, Khalid bin Said, Al Miqdad, Salman the Persian, Abu Zar Ghaffari, Ammar ibn Yasir, Al-Bara'a, Ubayy bin Ka'b were part of this group". Tarikh al-Yaqubi. 2. p. 114.
Muhajirun
Banu Asad
Banu Hashim
- Muhammad al-Bukhari, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Islamic scholar narrates
Ali noticed nothing. 'Ali had not given the oath of allegiance during those months (i.e. the period between the Prophet's death and Fatima's death, Fatima's (daughter of Muhammad) funeral was held secret and Ali did not inform Abu Bakar as per will of Fatima)...(and Ali said) But we used to consider that we too had some right in this affair (of rulership) and that he (i.e. Abu Bakr) did not consult us in this matter, and therefore caused us to feel sorry."[8][10]
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Jariri Islamic scholar narrates the same as Muhammad al-Bukhari.[11]
- Ibn Qutaybah, a 9th century Sunni Islamic scholar says
I am the servant of God and the brother of the Messenger of God. I am thus more worthy of this office than you. I shall not give allegiance to you [Abu Bakr & Umar] when it is more proper for you to give bay’ah to me. You have seized this office from the Ansar using your tribal relationship to the Prophet as an argument against them. Would you then seize this office from us, the ahl al-bayt by force? Did you not claim before the Ansar that you were more worthy than they of the caliphate because Muhammad came from among you (but Muhammad was never from AbuBakr family) – and thus they gave you leadership and surrendered command? I now contend against you with the same argument…It is we who are more worthy of the Messenger of God, living or dead. Give us our due right if you truly have faith in God, or else bear the charge of wilfully doing wrong... Umar, I will not yield to your commands: I shall not pledge loyalty to him.' Ultimately Abu Bakr said, "O 'Ali! If you do not desire to give your bay'ah, I am not going to force you for the same.[8][12][13]
- Yaqubi, a 9th century Sunni Islamic scholar narrates "A group of Muhajirs and Ansars kept themselves aloof from allegiance to Abu Bakr and were followers of Hazrat Ali[8]
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, a 10th century Sunni Shafi'i Jariri Islamic scholar says "What prevented us from allegiance to you was not our denial of your virtue, nor was it envy of anything with which God has favoured you. Rather we believe that we have a rightful share in this affair, which you have denied us."[8][14]
- Ibn Abu al-Hadid, a 13th century Mu'tazili Islamic scholar says that they did not dare to force Ali into Bay'ah while Fatimah was alive.[15]
- Ibn Kathir in Al-Bidayah wan Nihayah says
Abu Sa’eed al Khudri may Allah be pleased with him said: When the Prophet's (SAW) soul passed away, people gathered at the place of Sa’ad bin Ubadah and amongst them were Abu Bakr and Umar. A Khatib from the Ansar spoke: "You know that the Prophet of Allah (SAW) was from the Mouhajirun and his caliph must also be from the Mouhajirun, we were the Ansar of the Prophet (SAW) and we will be the Ansar of his caliph just as we were his Ansar". Then Umar bin al Khattab stood up and said "This man from amongst the Ansar speaks truth and if it were anything other than this then we would not give you a bay’ah", then he grabbed the hand of Abu Bakr and said: "This is your close companion so give him bay’ah". Then Umar and the Mouhajirun and the Ansar all gave him bay’ah. Abu Bakr stood on the pulpit and he looked at the faces of all the people there but he didn’t seen al Zubair, so he called for him and he came. Abu Bakr told him: "O son of the Prophet's (SAW) aunt and his disciple would you want to split the cause of the Muslims?" Zubair said: "Not at all O caliph of the prophet of Allah" then he stood and gave him bay’ah. Then he looked at the faces of the people but did not spot Ali so he called for Ali bin abi Talib and he came. Abu Bakr said: "O cousin of the prophet of Allah and the husband of his daughter would you want to split the cause of the Muslims?" So Ali replied: "Not at all O caliph of the prophet of Allah", then he stood and gave him bay’ah.
- Muhammad al-Bukhari, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Islamic scholar narrates "So she became angry with Abu Bakr and kept away from him, and did not talk to him till she died. She remained alive for six months after the death of the Prophet. When she died, her husband 'Ali, buried her at night without informing Abu Bakr and he said the funeral prayer by himself." [10]
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Jariri Islamic scholar narrates the same as Muhammad al-Bukhari.[11]
- Ibn Abu al-Hadid, a 13th century Mu'tazili Islamic scholar says that they did not dare to force Ali into Baya while Fatimah was alive.[15]
- Ibn Qutaybah, a 9th century Sunni Islamic scholar says that Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib had told Abu Bakr that, "If you demanded what you demanded through kinship to the Messenger of Allah, then you had confiscated our own. If you had demanded it due to your position among Muslims, then ours is a more prestigious than yours. If this affair is accomplished when the believers are pleased with it, then it cannot be so as long as we are displeased therewith."[16]
- Yaqubi, a 9th century Sunni Islamic scholar narrates "A group of Muhajirs and Ansars kept themselves aloof from allegiance to Abu Bakr and were followers of Hazrat Ali [as]. Among them were Abbas Bin Abdul-Muttalib...Fadl ibn Abbasi"[8]
- Muhammad al-Bukhari, a 9th-century Sunni Islamic scholar narrates the same as Yaqubi.[8]
Tribe of Banu Hashim
- A man asked al-Zuhri, "Did Ali not give his oath of allegiance for six months?" "No, nor anyone of the Banu Hashim until Ali rendered his."[15][17][18]
Others
Ansars
Banu Khazraj
- Muhammad al-Bukhari, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Islamic scholar narrates that Umar said: "...we sallied Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, when someone of them said:: You have killed Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah. I said: Allah killed Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah."[19][19][20]
- Wilferd Madelung in his book Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of The Early Caliphate states, "Sa'd ibn Ubadah, the Khazraj leader whom Umar dealt with so roughly at Saqifah and whom he had later driven out of his home town of Medina."[21]
Ubay ibn Kab
- Ubay ibn Kab[8]
- Abu Ayyub Ansari[22]
Others
- Salman al-Muhammadi[8][9]
- Uthman ibn Hunaif[20]
- al-Bara ibn 'Azib[8][9]
- Khuzaima ibn Thabit[9]
- Farwah ibn Amr ibn Wadqah al-Ansari[9]
References
- ↑ "A Shi'ite Encyclopedia". Al-Islam.org. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project.
- ↑ Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Volume 4. p. 281.
- ↑ al-Razi, Fakhr. Tafsir al-Kabir, Volume 12. pp. 49–50.
- ↑ al-Tabrizi, al-Khatib. Mishkat al-Masabih. p. 557.
- ↑ Khand, Mir. Habib al-Siyar, Volume 1, Part 3. p. 144.
- ↑ Al Qazwini, Sayed Hossein. "An Analysis of the event of Saqifa". mohamedridha. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ↑ Ja'fari, Sayyid Husayn Muhammad. The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Qum: Ansariyan Publications.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Shaikh, Asif. Sahaba: The Companion. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Pg. 42-45
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Shi'i-Sunni dialogue on al-Islam.org
- 1 2 Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- 1 2 Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- ↑ Ibn Qutaybah, vol. 1, p.29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- ↑ Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, quoting Ibn Qutaybah on Al-islam.org
- ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. 3, p.208; Ayoub, 2003, 21
- 1 2 3 Shi'a encyclopedia quoting from Ibn Qutaybah,, Massudi, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- ↑ A Shi'i-Sunni dialogue quoting from Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa page 16
- ↑ History of the Prophets and Kings, Volume 9, pages 196, 197. State University of New York Press, 1993. Translated by Ismail K. Poonawala
- ↑ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, section Reign of Abubeker; A.D. 632, June 7.
- 1 2 To be with the Truthful by Muhammad al-Tijani, quoting Sahih Bukhari on Al-islam.org
- 1 2 A list composed of sources such as Ibn Hajar Asqalani and Baladhuri, each in his Ta'rikh, Muhammad Bin Khawind Shah in his Rauzatu's-Safa, Ibn Abdu'l-Birr in his Isti'ab
- ↑ Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of The Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print. ISBN 0521646960 Pg. 152
- ↑ Peshawar Nights