List of Kapudan Pashas
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The Kapudan Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: قپودان پاشا, Modern Turkish: Kaptan Paşa), also known in Turkish as Kaptan-ı Derya ("Captain of the Seas"), was the commander-in-chief of the navy of the Ottoman Empire. Around 160 captains served between the establishment of the post under Bayezid I and the office's replacement by the more modern Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) during the Tanzimat reforms.
The title of Kapudan Pasha itself is only attested from 1567 onwards; earlier designations for the supreme commander of the fleet include derya begi ("beg of the sea") and re'is kapudan ("head captain").[1]
Name | Appointed | Vacated | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kara Mürsel Bey | 1324 | |||
Saruca Pasha | 1390 | Turk?[2][3] | ||
Çavlı Bey | 1412 | Turk?[2] | ||
Baltaoğlu Süleyman Bey | 1451 | 1453 | Bulgarian?[2][4] | |
Hamza Bey | 1453 | 1456 | Albanian[2] | |
Has Yunus Bey | 1456 | 1459 | [2][4] | |
Kasım Bey | 1459 | 1460 | [2] | |
Kadim İsmail Bey | 1461 | 1462 | Devşirme?[2] | |
Yakup Bey | 1462 | 1463 | Albanian[2] | |
Zagan Pasha | 1463 | 1466 | Albanian;,[5][6][7] Greek or Serb;[8] previously grand vizier[2] | |
Veli Mahmud Pasha | 1466 | 1478 | Serb[9]Devşirme; later grand vizier[2][10] | |
Gedik Ahmed Pasha | 1478 | 1480 | Albanian or Serb[11]>Devşirme; invaded Mediterranean and seized Santa Maura, Kefalonia, and Zante; later grand vizier[2] | |
Mesih Pasha | 1480 | 1491 | Greek, converted member of the Palaiologoi; later grand vizier[2] | |
Güveği Sinan Pasha | 1491 | 1492 | Albanian , Devşirme,[2] founder of Vlora dynasty of Albanian generals and politicians [12] | |
Kara Nişancı Davud | 1492 | 1503 | Devşirme?[2] | |
Küçük Davud Pasha | 1503 | 1506 | [2] | |
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha | 1506 | 1511 | Slav; later grand vizier [2] | |
İskender Ağa Pasha | 1511 | 1514 | Devşirme? [2] | |
Sinan Bey | 1514 | 1516 | Devşirme? [2] | |
Frenk Cafer Ağa Pasha | 1516 | 1520 | Devşirme [2] | |
Parlak Mustafa Pasha | 1520 | 1522 | Bosniak [2] | |
Bayram Pasha | 1522 | [2] | ||
Kurdoğlu Muslihiddin Reis | ||||
Süleyman Pasha | 1531 | [2] | ||
Kemankeş Ahmed Bey | 1531 | 1533 | Devşirme? [2] | |
Hayreddin Barbarossa | 1533 | 1546 | Greek,[13][14] Albanian,[15][16] or Turk;[2][17][18] position raised to beylerbey, granted Eyalets of the Islands of the Mediterranean and Ottoman Algeria | |
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha | 1546 | 1550 | Bosniak>Devşirme; invaded Libya; later grand vizier [2] | |
Sinan Pasha | 1550 | 1554 | Croat; supported Turgut Reis's western raids; later grand vizier [2] | |
Piyale Pasha | 1554 | 1567 | Held the title of Kapudan Beg.[1] Croat;[19][20][21] captured Corsica with the French in 1554, defeated Spanish at Piombino in 1555, raided Calabria, Salerno, Tuscany, Spain, and seized the Balearics in 1558, won crushing Battle of Djerba in 1560; captured Naples in 1563 [2] | |
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha | 1567 | 7 October 1571 | First to hold the title of Kapudan Pasha.[1] Effected conquest of Cyprus from Venice, but killed at Lepanto[2] | |
Kılıç Ali Paşa | 1571 | 21 June 1587 | Italian, born Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, known after conversion as Uluç and Uluç Ali Reis;[2] rebuilt Turkish fleet, recaptured Tunis from Don Juan and ended War of Cyprus, raided Calabria and put down numerous revolts | |
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha | 1591 | 1595 | Italian, born Scipione Cicala; first term; later grand vizier[2] | |
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha | 1599 | 1604 | second term; previously grand vizier[2] | |
Derviş Pasha | 1604 | Bosniak[2] | ||
Güzelce Ali Pasha | 1617 | ? | ||
Cataldjali Hasan Pasha | 1625 | 1631 | [2] | |
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha | 1632 | 1635 | Turk; later grand vizier[2][22] | |
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha | 17 October 1635 | 24 December 1638 | Albanian, later grand vizier [2] | |
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha | 1639 | 1641 | Turk[2] | |
Yusuf Pasha | 164X | 164X | Dalmatian Slav; executed by Sultan | |
Koca Musa Pasha | 1645 | 1647 | Bosniak;[2] died at Kandiye during Cretan War before he could receive his promotion to grand vizier | |
Kara Musa Pasha | 1647 | 21 September 1647 | ||
Kılavuz Köse Ali Pasha | 1647 | 1648 | ||
Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha | 1652 | 1653 | Circassian; later grand vizier [2] | |
Kara Murad Pasha | 1653 | 11 May 1655 | Albanian;[2][23] effected the breakout First Battle of the Dardanelles during the Cretan War; prior and later grand vizier | |
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha | 1666 | 1670 | Albanian; later grand vizier [2] | |
Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha | 1680 | 1684 | Later grand vizier | |
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha | 1695 | 1701 | Turk[2][24] or Aragonese;[25] commanded at Andros in 1696 during the Morean War, attempted moderate reforms and published the Kannunname | |
Baltacı Mehmet Pasha | 1704 | 1704 | Turk; later grand vizier[2] | |
Veli Mehmed Pasha | 1706 | 1707 | Turk | |
Moralı Ibrahim Pasha | November 1707 | 1709 | ||
Küçük Ali Pasazade Mehmed Pasha | 1709 | 1711 | Turk | |
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha | December 1714 | February 1717 | Turk from Koroni, former galley slave in the Venetian fleet. Led the Ottoman navy in the Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18); first term.[26] | |
Kaymak Mustafa Pasha | 1721 | 1730 | Bosniak[2][27] | |
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha | 1730 | 1730 | Second term, lasted for only a few days.[26] | |
Hacı Hüseyin Pasha | 1732 | 1732 | [2][28] | |
Koca Bekir Pasha | 1732 | 1732 | Turk; first term[2][29] | |
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha | 1732 | 1736 | Third term.[26] | |
Hacı Mehmed Pasha | c. 1735. Turk?[2] | |||
Hatibzade Yahya Pasha | 1743 | 1743 | ||
Râtip Ahmed Pasha | 1743 | 1744 | Turk [2] | |
Koca Bekir Pasha | 1750 | 1753 | Turk; second term[2] | |
Macar Hacı Hasan Pasha | February 1761 | December 1761 | [30] | |
Ahıskalı Mehmed Pasha | December 1761 | August 1762 | [31] | |
Eğribozlu İbrahim Pasha | 1769 | Turk?[2][32] | ||
Mandalzade Hüsameddin Pasha | 1770 | 1770 | Removed following the disastrous naval defeat at Chesma during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774[2] | |
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha | 1770 | 1789[2] or 1790 | Georgian;[33] Dislodged Russians from Aegean, commanded forces during the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768–1774 and 1787–1792; later grand vizier | |
Koca Yusuf Pasha | 19 December 1789 | Georgian; former grand vizier[2] | ||
Giritli Hüseyin Pasha | 1789 | 1792 | [34] | |
Küçük Hüseyin Pasha | 11 March 1792 | 7 December 1803 | Georgian; commanded the Turkish invasion fleet of French-occupied Egypt[2][35][36] | |
Mehmed Kadri Pasha | 1803 | 1804 | [2] | |
Hafız İsmail Pasha | 1804 | 1805 | [2] later grand vizier | |
Hacı Salih Pasha | 1805 | 1805 | Turk;[2] later grand vizier | |
Hacı Mehmed Pasha II | 21 November 1806 | 1808 | Turk[2][37] | |
Seydi Ali Pasha | 1807 or 1808[2] | 1808 | Abkhaz | |
Abdullah Ramiz Efendi | 1808 | 1808 | Crimean Tatar[2] | |
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha | 1811 | 1818 | Abazin; later grand vizier[2][38] | |
Deli Abdullah Pasha | 1821 | Turk[2] later grand vizier | ||
Nasuhzade Ali Pasha | 1821 | 7 June 1822 | Albanian;[2] also known as Kara-Ali Pasha; commanded Turkish fleet during the Greek War of Independence: directed Massacre of Samothrace, killed by fireship directed by Constantine Kanaris following Massacre of Chios;[39] ancestor of Turkish author Nasuh Mahruki | |
Kara Mehmet | 1822 | |||
Husrev Pasha | December 1822 | 1826 | ||
Aghan Ephrikian Pasha | 1828 | Governor | ||
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha | 1830 | 1832 | ||
Çengeloğlu Tahir Mehmed Pasha | November 1832 | 1836 | Turk[2] | |
Ahmed Fevzi Pasha | 10 November 1836 | 1839 | Greek, defected to Egypt[2] | |
Topal İzzet Pasha | 1840 | Reformer | ||
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha | 1843 | 1845 | ||
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha | 1847 | 1848 | ||
unknown | Lost administrative control of the Eyalet of the Islands c. 1848 | |||
Mahmud Pasha | 1853 | 1854 | ||
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha | 1854 | 1855 | ||
unknown | 13 March 1867 | Office abolished[40] |
See also
- List of Fleet Commanders of the Ottoman Navy, for the Kapudan Pasha's replacements after 1877
- List of Ottoman admirals, for Turkish commanders beneath the rank of the Kapudan Pashas
Sources
- 1 2 3 Ozbaran, S. (1997). "Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Ira–Kha. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 571–572. ISBN 90-04-05745-5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, pp. 172 ff. Türkiye Yayınevi (Istanbul), 1971. (in Turkish)
- ↑ "Osmanlı Dönemi Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- 1 2 Tascilar, Muhammet. "İstanbul'un Fethi". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5.
- ↑ Franz Babinger, Princeton University Press, 19 October 1992, p. 47
- ↑ Baron Kinross, Patrick Balfour (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. p. 116. ISBN 0688030939.
- ↑ Ellis Goldberg, Reşat Kasaba, Joel S. Migdal, "Rules and rights in the Middle East" (1993), p. 153
- ↑ Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. p. 73. ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5.
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Mahmud Paşa (Velî)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Stavrides, Théoharis (August 2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angeloviu (1453–1474) (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage Series, Volume 24). Brill Academic Publishers, Inc. p. 65. ISBN 90-04-12106-4.
- ↑ Clayer, Nathalie. NATHALIE CLAYER, Aux origines du nationalisme albanais : la naissance d’une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe,Paris,.
- ↑ Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would rise to become the ruler of Algiers, and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was of Greek origin and got his start raiding the southern and western shores of Anatolia on behalf of Korkud, son of Bayezid..., Virginia H. Aksan & Daniel Goffman, The early modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6, p. 106.
- ↑ Their father was former Muslim soldier, probably from a recent converted family of the European Provinces. Their mother is said to have been the widow of a Greek priest., Frank Ronald Charles Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World, Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 114.
- ↑ Born in Mytilene around 1466 to a, Hayreddin, then called Hizir., Niccolò Capponi, Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto, Da Capo Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-306-81544-7, p. 30.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 1, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1972, p. 147.
- ↑ Kiel, Machiel. "The Smaller Aegean Islands in the 16th–18th Centuries According to Ottoman Administrative Documents". Op. cit. Davies, Siriol & Davis, Jack L. Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece, p. 36. ASCSA, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87661-540-9.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, 14th Edition, Revised, p. 147. "Barbarossa." Encyclopædia Britannica Co., Ltd., 1963.
- ↑ Freely, John. The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara.
- ↑ Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam.
- ↑ Shaw, S.J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine..
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Hüseyin Paşa (Gazi, Deli)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Murad Paşa (Kara)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Mezomorto Hüseyin Paşa". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Panzac, Daniel. La Marine ottomane. De l’apogée à la chute de l’Empire (1572–1923). (in French)
- 1 2 3 Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia, Mass.: The American Philosophical Society. p. 428. ISBN 0-87169-192-2. ISSN 0065-9738.
- ↑ "Kaymak Mustafa Paşa" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ "Kaptan Hacı Hüseyin Paşa Çeşmesi". Çeþmelerden Örnekler (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Bekir Paşa (Koca)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Mehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman, eds., Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, p. 642
- ↑ Mehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman, eds., Sicill-i Osmanî (in Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, p. 1034
- ↑ Gülen, Nejat. "Şanlı Bahriye:Kuruluş". Şanli Bahrıye (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ King, Charles (2004), The Black Sea: a History, p.159. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924161-9.
- ↑ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 294.
- ↑ Inalcık, Halil. Trans. by Gibb, H.A.R. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Ed., Vol. V, Fascicules 79–80, pp. 35 f. "Khosrew Pasha". E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1979. Accessed 13 Sept 2011.
- ↑ Tascilar, Muhammet. "Hüseyin Paşa (Küçük)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ "Hacı Mehmet Paşa Yalısı (Direkli Yalıkaptan Paşa Yalısı)" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ "Şanlı Bahriye: II. Mahmut Dönemi (1808–1839)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ Woodhouse. The Story of Modern Greece. Faber and Faber, 1968.
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