L'Enfant Plan

Original L'Enfant Plan of Washington from national archives
Location Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°53′26″N 77°1′13″W / 38.89056°N 77.02028°W / 38.89056; -77.02028Coordinates: 38°53′26″N 77°1′13″W / 38.89056°N 77.02028°W / 38.89056; -77.02028
NRHP reference # 97000332
Designated  April 24, 1997[1][2]
L'Enfant Plan of Washington Superimposed on the Rectangular System From which He Worked (1930)[3]

The L'Enfant Plan[4] for the city of Washington is the urban plan developed in 1791 by Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant for George Washington, the first President of the United States.[2][5]

History

Major L'Enfant was a French engineer who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.[6] In 1789, discussions were underway regarding a new federal capital city for the United States, and L'Enfant wrote to President Washington asking to be commissioned to plan the city. However, any decision on the capital was put on hold until July 1790 when Congress passed the Residence Act.[7] The legislation specified that the new capital should be situated on the Potomac River, at some location between the Eastern Branch (the Anacostia River) and the Conococheague Creek near Hagerstown, Maryland. The Residence Act gave authority to President Washington to appoint three commissioners to oversee the survey of the federal district and provide public buildings to accommodate the Federal government in 1800.[8][9]

President Washington appointed L'Enfant in 1791 to plan the new "Federal City", under the supervision of three commissioners whom Washington appointed to oversee the planning and development of the territory that became the "District of Columbia". Included in the new district were the riverport towns of Georgetown (formerly in Montgomery County, Maryland) and Alexandria, Virginia.[2] Thomas Jefferson worked alongside President Washington in overseeing the plans for the capital, and he sent L'Enfant a letter outlining his task, which was to provide a drawing of suitable sites for the federal city and the public buildings. Jefferson had modest ideas for the Capital, but L'Enfant saw the task as far more grandiose, believing that he was also devising the city plan and designing the buildings.[10]

Facsimile of manuscript of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the federal capital city (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1887).[11]

L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791 and began his work from Suter's Fountain Inn.[12] Washington arrived on March 28 to meet with L'Enfant and the Commissioners for several days.[13] On June 22, L'Enfant presented his first plan for the federal city to the President.[14][15][16] On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President.[15][17] President Washington retained a copy of one of L'Enfant's plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners.[18]

In November 1791, L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and southeast along Aquia Creek to supply well-regarded "Aquia Creek sandstone" for the foundation of the "Congress House".[19] However, his temperament and his insistence that his city design be realized as a whole brought him into conflict with the Commissioners, who wanted to direct the limited funds into construction of the Federal buildings, and they had Jefferson's support in the matter.

Andrew Ellicott's revision of L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the "Federal City", later Washington City, District of Columbia (Thackara & Vallance, Philadelphia, 1792}
Thackara & Vallance's 1792 print of Ellicott's "Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia" showing street names, lot numbers, depths of the Potomac River, and legends

Andrew Ellicott had been conducting the original boundary survey of the "Federal City" under the direction of the Commissioners, and he informed them in February 1792 that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with the original plan.[20][21] Ellicott and his brother Benjamin then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.[20][21][22] Ellicott's revisions included straightening the longer avenues and the removal of L'Enfant's Square No. 15, and this created changes to the city's layout.[23]

Washington dismissed L'Enfant soon after, and Andrew Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan, several versions of which were engraved, published, and distributed. As a result, Ellicott's revisions subsequently became the basis for the capital city's development.[20][24]

The Plan

L'Enfant's "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States..." encompassed an area bounded by the Potomac River, the Eastern Branch, the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, and Rock Creek (named on Plan as Pine Creek).[16][25][26] His plan specified locations for two buildings, the "Congress House" (the United States Capitol) and the "President's House" (known after its 1815–1817 rebuilding and repainting of its stone walls, as the "White House" or "Executive Mansion").[25]

The "Congress House" would be built on "Jenkins Hill" (later to be known as "Capitol Hill"), which L'Enfant described as a "pedestal awaiting a monument".[25][27] The "President's House" would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River north of the mouth of Tiber Creek, which L'Enfant proposed to canalize.[2][25][27][28][29]

L'Enfant envisioned the "President's House" to have public gardens and monumental architecture. Reflecting his grandiose visions, he specified that the "President's House" (occasionally referred to as the "President's Palace") would be five times the size of the building that was actually constructed, even then becoming the largest residence then constructed in America.[10] Emphasizing the importance of the new nation's legislature, the "Congress House" would be located on a longitude designated as 0:0.[17][11][30][31]

The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. To form the grid, some streets (later named for letters of the alphabet) would travel in an east–west direction, while others (named for numbers) would travel in a north-south direction. Diagonal broader avenues, later named after the states of the Union, crossed the north/south-east/west grid.[25][31][32][33] The diagonal avenues intersected with the north–south and east–west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.[25]

A prominent geometric feature of L'Enfant's plan was a large right triangle whose hypotenuse was a wide avenue (now part of Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting the "President's House"and the "Congress House".[2][32][34] To complete the triangle, a line projecting due south from the center of the President's house intersected at a right angle a line projecting due west from the center of the Congress house.[32][34] A 400 feet (122 m)-wide garden-lined "grand avenue" containing a "public walk" would travel for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the east–west line.[32][34]

West side of Jefferson Pier, with Washington Monument in background (2012)

L'Enfant chose the west end of the "grand avenue" (at the triangle's southwest corner) to be the location of a future equestrian statue of George Washington for which the Continental Congress had voted in 1783.[32][34] (Although the planned "grand avenue" became the portion of the National Mall that is now between the Capitol's grounds and the Washington Monument, neither the avenue nor Washington's equestrian statue were ever constructed (see: National Mall).[35] In 1793, a wooden marker was placed at the triangle's southwest corner (the intersection of the cross axis of the White House and the Capitol).[36] A small stone obelisk, the Jefferson Pier, replaced the marker in 1804.[34][37]

The Plan also proposed the erection of an "historic Column" that would be located within an open space (now the site of Lincoln Park) at the intersection of several streets and avenues that would be one mile east of the Congress House. The column would contain the point from which "all distances of places through the Continent, are to be calculated".[25][38]

L'Enfant's plan additionally laid out a system of canals (later designated as the Washington City Canal) that would pass the "Congress House" and the "President's House". One branch of the canal would empty into the Potomac River south of the "President's House" at the mouth of Tiber Creek, which would be channelized and straightened. The other branch of the canal would divide and empty into the Eastern Branch at two separate points near the Eastern Branch's confluence with the Potomac River.[25][28][32] The scale and complexity of the canals in the 1791-92 plan and its revisions suggested the importance of the canals within the grand design of the city, with important structures located along its banks – the proposed National Pantheon, Judiciary Square, a market/exchange complex, a national bank and theater, as well as a grand church complex.[36]

Manuscripts and copies of the Plan

In a paper published in 1899, John Stewart, who was in charge of records in the United States Army Engineers' Office of Public Buildings and Grounds,[39] wrote that President Washington had sent one of L'Enfant's handwritten plans to Congress on December 13, 1791.[40] Stewart wrote that L'Enfant had sent this plan to the President on August 19, 1791, and had also prepared a larger exact copy.[40] Stewart stated that surveyors had used the copy to lay out the city's streets and that L'Enfant had employed a Philadelphia architect to draft a copy of the larger version for L'Enfant's own use.[41]

Stewart also wrote that President Washington had in December 1796 sent to the Commissioners a plan of the city that had contained penciled directions from Thomas Jefferson that identified those parts of the plan that the plan's engravers should omit.[42] Stewart stated that he had discovered that plan in the Commissioners' office in 1873.[42] He reported that the plan was still in that office in 1898.[42]

During 1882, Stewart had been in charge of records that the Office of the United States Commissioner of Public Buildings was holding. In that year, he created a black and white copy of several portions of a manuscript plan of the federal capital city.[43] The last line in an oval in the upper left corner of Stewart's reproduction contains the words "Peter Charles L'Enfant", which are written in a script and alignment that are similar to those in the line that precedes it.[43] Stewart certified that "this is a true copy of the original in this office".[43]

Five years later, in 1887, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey prepared a colored tracing of a manuscript plan.[44][45] The last line in the oval contained the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant", which were written in a block script.[45] The script and its alignment differed from those in the oval's preceding line.[45]

Printers published the tracing in at least three formats,[11][46] which together enabled the Plan to be widely distributed for the first time. The printers added to each of the reproduced tracings a copy of a message that a survey assistant had sent to the survey's superintendent.[11][46] The message stated that the Acting Secretary of the Treasury had directed that the tracing be produced for the purposes of preservation and reproduction.[11][46] The message further stated that the Plan's original manuscript was in a dilapidated state and had earlier been mounted on cotton cloth and varnished for preservation, rendering the manuscript "quite opaque".[11][46]

The survey assistant's message additionally contained a synopsis of letters requesting the tracing that a Special Assistant Attorney for the United States, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, the United States Attorney General, the Acting Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Secretary of War had written.[11][46] The Assistant Attorney's letter stated that pending litigation had necessitated the plan's reproduction to enable the United States Government to establish title of the Government to the Potomac Flats.[11][46]

The Assistant Attorney's letter further stated that an office of the U.S. Army's Engineer Corps that was in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds was holding the original plan, which had become so indistinct that it could not be accurately photographed.[11][46] Several of the letter writers asked the Survey to return the original manuscript plan to the War Department after the Survey had reproduced it.[11][46]

In 1930, the chief of the Division of Maps at the Library of Congress compared the wording in one of reproduced tracings to the wording in an annex to a plan of the City of Washington which, according to a January 1792 publication,[47] President Washington had recently sent to Congress and which contained the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant".[45] The librarian concluded that the two maps were not the same.[45]

A Library of Congress web page states that, on November 11, 1918, a map that L'Enfant had prepared was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping.[18] In a 1930 report to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, William Partridge described the features and history of that map, as well as the changes that Andrew Ellicott had apparently made to the map.[48]

Partridge noted that L'Enfant had written that all of his drawings had been seized in December 1791, but that only one, a plan for the city of Washington, had been recovered.[49] He further stated that although L'Enfant had produced a number of versions of his plan, only one (an intermediate version) was still known to exist. Partridge concluded that the origin of that plan, which the Library of Congress was holding, was still in doubt.[50] That plan, which the Library now holds in its Geography and Map Division,[18] is still the only map of the capital city bearing L'Enfant's name that is widely known.

The Library's web page states that, in 1991, to commemorate the two hundredth anniversary of the manuscript map, the Library of Congress, in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, the National Park Service and the United States Geological Survey, published an exact-size, full-color facsimile[51] and an uncolored computer-assisted reproduction[25] of that map.[18] The manuscript's upper left corner contains an oval that identifies the title of the map, followed by the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" written in a block script that has the same alignment as does that in the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey's 1887 tracing.[25]

The Library states that these reproductions were the Library's first facsimiles to be based on photography and electronic enhancement technology.[18] The Library further states that, during the reproduction process, it was possible to record faint editorial annotations that Thomas Jefferson had made and which are now virtually illegible on the original map.[18]

The Library states (as did Partridge)[52] that it is believed that its Plan is one that L'Enfant submitted to President Washington in August 1791.[18] However, others have contended that the named manuscript map that the Library holds is actually an earlier draft that was hand-delivered to George Washington in June 1791.[53]

The Library has in its collections a "Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791" that lacks an author's name.[53][29] The Library's notes state that this document is a "Ms. survey map drawn by P.C. L'Enfant" and is "accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of L'Enfant's letter to George Washington, Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the L'Enfant papers".[29] (L'Enfant's papers include an August 19, 1791, letter to President Washington that contains an "annexed map of dotted lines".[17][53]) The named plan would therefore be the one that L'Enfant annexed to his June 22, 1791 letter to the President.[14][53] Comparisons of Andrew Ellicott's February 1792 revision of L'Enfant's Plan with the two manuscript maps suggest that Ellicott had based his revision (which printers distributed soon after its preparation) on the August 1791 "dotted line map", rather than on June 1791 manuscript.[53]

The L'Enfant Plan is depicted in Edward Savage's 1789–1796 painting, The Washington Family.

L'Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza

Depiction of the L'Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza (2006)
Image of oval inscribed in Freedom Plaza containing the title of the L'Enfant Plan, followed by the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" in block script. (2006)

In 1980, the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation constructed Western Plaza along Pennsylvania Avenue in Northwest Washington, D.C. Designed by architect Robert Venturi and renamed in 1988 to Freedom Plaza, the plaza contains an inlay that partially depicts the L'Enfant Plan.[54] The last line in an oval inscribed in the Plaza contains the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" in a block script.[55]

List of contributing parks

List of contributing avenues

List of contributing streets

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leach, Sara Amy; Barthold, Elizabeth, HABS/HAER, NPS (1994-07-20). "L' Enfant Plan of the City of Washington, District of Columbia" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-05. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
  3. ↑ Partridge, p. 33. Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ "The L'Enfant Plan". A Monument To Democracy: History of the Mall: The 1791 L'Enfant Plan and the Mall. National Coalition to Save Our Mall. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  5. ↑ L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. (See: Bowling, 2002) He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling (2002).) The National Park Service has identified L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" in its histories of the Washington Monument on its website. The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
  6. ↑ "The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans". Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  7. ↑ Reps, John William (1965), "9. Planning the National Capital", The Making of Urban America, Princeton University Press, pp. 240–242, ISBN 0-691-00618-0, archived from the original on 2016-04-26
  8. ↑ "An ACT for establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States". American Memory. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
  9. ↑ Ellis, Joseph J. (2002). "The Dinner". Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Vintage. pp. 50–52. ISBN 0-375-70524-4. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26.
  10. 1 2 Seale, William (1986). The President's House, Volume 1. White House Historical Association. pp. 1–4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. LCCN 88694201. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  12. ↑ Stewart, p. 50 Archived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Seale, William (1986). The President's House, Volume 1. White House Historical Association. p. 9.
  14. 1 2 L'Enfant, P.C. (June 22, 1791). "To George Washington from Pierre-Charles L'Enfant, 22 June 1791". Founders Online. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  15. 1 2 Stewart, p. 52 Archived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. 1 2 Passanneau, Joseph R. (2004). Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc. pp. 14–16, 24–27. ISBN 1-58093-091-3.
  17. 1 2 3 L'Enfant, P.C. (August 19, 1791). "To The President of the United States". L'Enfant's Reports To President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791: Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society (1899). 2: 38–48. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Original Plan of Washington, D.C." American Treasures of the Library of Congress: Imagination: Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government ....": Manuscript map on paper, 1791, Geography & Map Division. Library of Congress. 2010-07-29. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Selected by Washington to prepare a ground plan for the new city, L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and submitted his report and plan to the president about August 26, 1791. It is believed that this plan is the one that is preserved in the Library of Congress.
    After showing L'Enfant's manuscript to Congress, the president retained custody of the original drawing until December 1796, when he transferred it to the City Commissioners of Washington, D.C. One hundred and twenty-two years later, on November 11, 1918, the map was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping.
    Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant."
  19. ↑ Morgan, p. 120
  20. 1 2 3 (1) Tindall, William (1914). "IV. The First Board of Commissioners". Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources. Knoxville, Tennessee: H. W. Crew and Company. pp. 148–149. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26.
    (2) Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 55–56. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  21. 1 2 Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." In Arnebeck, Bob. "Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker". The General and the Plan. Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  22. ↑ Kite, from L'Enfant and Washington Archived 2013-03-26 at WebCite" in website of Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons) Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  23. ↑ (1) Washington Map Society: Plan of the City of Washington Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine..
    (2) Partridge, William T. (1930). National Capital Park and Planning Commission: Chart 6: L'Enfant and Ellicott plans superimposed. L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City: Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 34. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved 2016-12-04. At HathiTrust Digital Library.
    (3) The U.S. National Archives holds a copy of "Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington". See "Scope & Contents" page of "Archival Description" for National Archives holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893 – 1950", ARC Identifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Records of the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893 – 1981. Record of holding obtained through search in Archival Descriptions Search of ARC — Archival Research Catalog Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. using search term L'Enfant Plan Ellicott, 2008-08-22.
  24. ↑ (1) Partridge, William T. (1930). L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City. Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 21–38. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved 2016-12-04. At HathiTrust Digital Library.
    (2) Bowling, Kenneth R. (1988). Creating the federal city, 1774-1800 : Potomac fever. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press.
    (3) Bryan, W.B. (1899). "Something About L'Enfant And His Personal Affairs". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 113. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26.
    (4) The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine. in "Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory" Archived 2009-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. in official website of the U.S. National Park Service Archived 2009-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed August 14, 2008.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 L'Enfant, Peter Charles; Library of Congress (1991). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac"". Facsimile: Computer-assisted reproduction of Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the city of Washington, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 97683585. Archived from the original on 2005-03-01. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Published by the Library of Congress in 1991 with support from the National Geographic Society, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  26. ↑ Faethz, E.F.M.; Pratt, F.W. (1874). "Sketch of Washington in embryo, viz: Previous to its survey by Major L'Enfant: Compiled from the rare historical researches of Dr. Joseph M. Toner … combined with the skill of S.R. Seibert C.E." Library of Congress. LCCN 87694246. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  27. 1 2 Vlach, John Michael (Spring 2004). "The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill". United States Capitol Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  28. 1 2 L'Enfant, P.C. (June 22, 1791). "To The President of the United States". L'Enfant's Reports To President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791: Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society (1899). 2: 34–35. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  29. 1 2 3 L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "L'Enfant's Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791, before Aug. 19th". Library of Congress. LCCN 88694203. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of L'Enfant's letter to George Washington, Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the L'Enfant papers, no. 0215-977, L.C. Ms. Div. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C.
  30. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1937). Washington, City and Capital: Federal Writers' Project. Works Progress Administration / United States Government Printing Office. p. 210.
  31. 1 2 Moore, Charles (ed) (1902), "Fig. No. 61 – L'Enfant Map of Washington (1791)", The Improvement Of The Park System Of The District of Columbia: Report by the United States Congress: Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and District of Columbia Park Commission, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, p. 12, Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session, Senate Report No. 166., archived from the original on 2016-06-24
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" in Library of Congress, with transcribed excerpts of key to map Archived 2011-08-23 at WebCite and enlarged image Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine. in official website of the U.S. National Park Service Archived 2009-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
  33. ↑ Freedom Plaza in downtown D.C. contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan, an inlay of an oval that gives the title of the plan and the name of its author (identified as "Peter Charles L'Enfant") and inlays of the plan's legends. The coordinates of the inlay of the plan and its legends are: 38°53′45″N 77°01′50″W / 38.8958437°N 77.0306772°W. The coordinates of the name "Peter Charles L'Enfant" are: 38°53′45″N 77°01′53″W / 38.895840°N 77.031254°W
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Partridge, p. 30 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ↑ (1) Pfanz, Donald C. (1981-02-11). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: National Mall". National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
    (2) Hanlon, Mary. "The Mall: The Grand Avenue, The Government, and The People". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
    (3) "The 1791 L'Enfant Plan and the Mall". National Mall History. National Mall Coalition. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
    (4) Glazer, Nathan; Field, Cynthia R., eds. (2008). A Chronology of the Mall. The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8018-8805-2. OCLC 166273738. Archived from the original on 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2015-01-02 – via Google Books.
  36. 1 2 Robinson & Associates Archived 2018-03-12 at the Wayback Machine., p. 12.
  37. ↑ (1) Bingham, Theo. A (1898). "Appendix CCC: Improvement and Care of Public Buildings and Grounds in the District of Columbia — Washington Monument". Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. II (Part 6): 3670–3671. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2012 – via Google Books.
    (2) Coordinates of Jefferson Pier: 38°53′23.29463″N 77°2′11.56″W / 38.8898040639°N 77.0365444°W
  38. ↑ Pohl, Robert (2009-11-09). "Lost Capitol Hill: The Zero Milestone". The Hill is Home. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
  39. ↑ Steward, p. 27 Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  40. 1 2 Stewart, p. 54 Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ↑ Stewart, pp. 52–53 Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. 1 2 3 Stewart, p. 62. Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  43. 1 2 3 L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)". Facsimile of the L'Enfant plan showing part of the street system of the original created/published: Washington: Office of the Commissioner of Public Buildings, [1882]. Library of Congress. LCCN 88694202. Retrieved 2016-01-26. I certify that this is a true copy of the original in this office, John Stewart, civil engineer in charge of records, 10th Oct'r 1882. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  44. ↑ Robinson & Associates Archived 2018-03-12 at the Wayback Machine., p. 11.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)". Photocopy of a facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant Plan created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. (1887: Original facsimile annotated in ink by Lawrence Martin, chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, December 16, 1930). Library of Congress. LCCN 88694380. Retrieved 2016-01-26. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1) L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (New York: Julius Bien & Co. Photo. Lith.). LCCN 88694196. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
    (2) L'Enfant, Peter Charles; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings (1887). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.]". Washington: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (Washington : Norris Peters Co. Photo-Litho.). LCCN 88694195. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  47. ↑ "New City of Washington". Gazette of the United States. Philadelphia. 1792-01-04. The following description is annexed to the Plan of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia, as sent to Congress by the President some days ago. ...
  48. ↑ Partridge
  49. ↑ Partridge, p. 24 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ Partridge, p. 22 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ L'Enfant, Peter Charles; Library of Congress (1991). "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac"". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 91684074. Archived from the original on 2005-03-01. Retrieved 2017-03-05. Full-color facsimile of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the City of Washington. In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
  52. ↑ Partridge, p. 25 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Washington DC Map Chronology". dcsymbols.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  54. ↑ (1) Cooper, Rachel (2017). "Freedom Plaza in Washington, DC". About.com: About Travel: Washington, DC: Sports & Recreation: Parks and Recreation: DC Parks. About, Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
    (2) Miller, Richard E. (2009-04-13). "Western Plaza, Pennsylvania Avenue (Freedom Plaza) Marker". Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
    (3) Miller, Richard E. (2009-04-14). "Freedom Plaza: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail marker". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
    (4) Busch, Richard T.; Smith, Kathryn Schneider. "W.7: Freedom Plaza: 13th and E Sts NW". Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail. Washington, DC: Cultural Tourism DC. Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  55. ↑ Coordinates of inscription of L'Enfant's name in Freedom Plaza: 38°53′45″N 77°01′53″W / 38.895838°N 77.031254°W

References

  • Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). "Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic". Washington, D.C.: George Washington University. ISBN 0972761101. LCCN 2003385101. OCLC 606900534. Retrieved 2017-06-24 – via Google Books.
  • Morgan, James Dudley, M.D. (1899). "Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, The Unhonored and Unrewarded Engineer". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society. 2: 118–157. Retrieved 2011-08-15 – via Google Books.
  • Partridge, William T. (1930). L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City. Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 21–38. OCLC 15250016. Retrieved 2016-12-04 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  • Robinson & Associates, Washington, D.C. (July 2007). "The L'Enfant Plan (1791)" (PDF). Historic Preservation Report For the National Museum Of African American History and Culture: District of Columbia: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African American History and Culture. pp. 10–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
  • Stewart, John (1899). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2. Retrieved 2011-12-27 – via Google Books.

Further reading

  • Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart (1914). A History of the National Capital from its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. 1: 1790-1814. New York: The MacMillan Company. OCLC 902842081. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  • Levine, Michael. "Planning Our Capital City: L'Enfant designed more than D.C.: He designed a 200-year-old controversy". History DC Area. DCpages.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  • Savage, Kirk (2009). 1. A Monument to a Deceased Project. Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780520256545. OCLC 566119105. Retrieved October 18, 2017 – via Google Books.
  • Stephenson, Richard W. (1993). A plan whol[l]y new: Pierre Charles L'Enfant's plan of the City of Washington. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. ISBN 0844406996. LCCN 92028798. OCLC 954510004. Retrieved January 1, 2018 – via Google Books.
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