Kiva (organization)

Kiva Microfunds
(also known as Kiva.org)
Founded October 2005 (2005-10)
71-0992446
Focus Economic development
Location
Area served
World-wide
Method Microcredit
Key people
Revenue (2015)
$19,847,885[1]
Expenses (2015) $15,915,830
Endowment $27,389,839
Staff (2015)
117
Volunteers (2015)
450
Website kiva.org

Kiva Microfunds (commonly known by its domain name, Kiva.org) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization[2] that allows people to lend money via the Internet to low-income entrepreneurs and students in over 80 countries. Kiva's mission is "to connect people through lending to alleviate poverty."[3]

Since 2005, Kiva has crowd-funded more than a million loans, totaling over $1 billion,[4] with a repayment rate of between 98 and 99 percent.[5] As of November 2013, Kiva was raising about $1 million every three days.[3] Over a million lenders worldwide use the Kiva platform.[6]

Kiva relies on a network of field partners to administer the loans on the ground.[7] These field partners can be microfinance institutions, social businesses, schools or non-profit organizations.[8] Kiva includes personal stories of each person who needs a loan because they want their lenders to connect with their entrepreneurs on a human level.[9]

Kiva itself does not collect any interest on the loans it facilitates and Kiva lenders do not make interest on loans. Kiva is supported by grants, loans, and donations from its users, corporations, and national institutions.[10] Kiva is headquartered in San Francisco, California.

Lending process

Kiva allows microfinance institutions, social businesses, schools and non-profit organizations around the world, called "Field Partners", to post profiles of qualified local entrepreneurs on its website. Lenders browse and choose an entrepreneur they wish to fund. The lenders transfer their funds to Kiva through PayPal, which waives its transaction fee in these cases.[11] It is possible to pay by credit card through PayPal's website, even without a PayPal account, but a PayPal account is needed to withdraw funds.[12]

After receiving a user's money, Kiva aggregates loan capital from individual lenders and transfers it to the appropriate Field Partners, who then disburse the loan to the entrepreneur chosen by the lender. Even though Kiva itself does not charge interest on the loans, the Field Partners charge relatively high interest rates.[13] Interest is typically higher on loans from microfinance institutions in developing countries than interest rates on larger loans in developed countries because of the administrative costs of overseeing many tiny loans, and the increased risk.[14] As the entrepreneurs repay their loans with interest, the Field Partners remit funds back to Kiva. As the loan is repaid, the Kiva lenders can withdraw their principal or re-lend it to another entrepreneur.

History

Kiva partners around the world (September 2006)

Kiva was founded in October 2005 by Matt Flannery and Jessica Jackley.[9] The couple's initial interest in microfinance was inspired by a 2003 lecture given by Grameen Bank's Muhammad Yunus at Stanford Business School. Jessica Jackley, worked at the school and invited Matt Flannery to attend the presentation; this was the first time Flannery had heard of microfinance, but it served as a "call to action" for Jackley. Soon after, Jackley began working as a consultant for the nonprofit Village Enterprise, which worked to help start small businesses in East Africa. While visiting Jackley in Africa, Flannery and Jackley spent time interviewing entrepreneurs about the problems they faced in starting ventures and found the lack of access to start-up capital was a common theme. After returning from Africa, they began developing their plan for a microfinance project that would grow into Kiva, which means "unity" in Swahili.[15][16]

In April 2005, Kiva's first seven loans were funded, totaling $3,500, and the original entrepreneurs were subsequently deemed the "Dream Team."[17] By September 2005, the entrepreneurs repaid the entirety of their original loans, and the founders realized they had developed a sustainable microcredit concept. After the success of Kiva's initial stage, Flannery and Jackley founded Kiva as a non-profit. In 2006, notable entrepreneurs and businessmen joined Kiva's staff, including Premal Shah from PayPal and Reid Hoffman CEO and founder of Linkedin. Shortly after its first anniversary in October 2006, Kiva reached $1 million in facilitated loans and acquired its twentieth field partner. To the present day, Kiva has continued to grow and expand its field partners while acquiring support from the media and the public.

Finances

As of March 15, 2016, Kiva has distributed $827,356,850 in loans from 1,394,336 lenders to 1,928,760 borrowers. A total of 1,036,558 loans have been funded through Kiva. The average loan size is $411.26, and the average Kiva user has made 10.17 loans. Kiva's current repayment rate for all its partners is 97.1%.[18] According to Alexa: The Web Information Company, Kiva's website ranks in the top 15,000 of all websites worldwide and ranks in the top 5,000 for the United States.[19]

For the fiscal year of 2012, Kiva made $15,632,786 in total revenue and had $12,482,528 in total expenses, leaving $3,150,258 to invest. The organization's net assets in 2012 totaled $16,248,638.[20] Kiva itself does not charge interest rates on its loans; they supply capital to microfinancing institutions for free. These microfinancing institutions then lend out money with high interest compared to bank finance in mature markets, averaging a portfolio yield of over 30%.[21] The organization's main sources of funding are grants, financial backing, and discounted services from many major national corporations and institutions. Chevron Corporation, Visa Inc., and Skoll Foundation awarded Kiva a two-year $1 million grant, $1.5 million grant, and $1 million grant respectively. Kiva also won a $1 million grant in Sam's Club's "Giving Made Simple" campaign and $500,000 in American Express's "Take Part" competition. Additionally, Omidyar Network awarded Kiva a $5 million grant over 5 years to help Kiva expand its field partners and support due diligence.[10]

Management

In 2015, the non-profit employed seventeen persons with salaries more than $100,000. The average salary at Kiva is $80,768. President Premil Shah had total compensation of $314,917 in 2015.[1]

Areas of work and impact

Female-owned businesses

As of April 1, 2012, 80.46% of Kiva's loans have been made to female entrepreneurs.[22] Kiva emphasizes supporting women because women can gain the most from microcredit. Patriarchy and a strict division of labor still dominate the societies of many developing countries, and women often suffer the most from poverty because scarce resources are often allocated to a family's males, rather than its females.[23]

In the non-fiction book Half the Sky, Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn tell stories of women whose lives were transformed through the microfinance institutions Kiva sponsors. With microloans, women gain spending power and spend less on instant gratification vices like alcohol, and drugs. With extra income, they are able to educate their children, renovate their residences, or buy modern technologies and medicines. Along with economic power, a woman with a microloan often gains more independence and respect from her husband. Kristof and WuDunn write "microfinance has done more to bolster the status of women, and to protect them from abuse, than any laws could accomplish."[24]

Green loans

In 2011, Kiva added a new category of loans to help borrowers move to cleaner and safer forms of energy, green agriculture, transport and recycling.[25] Green Kiva loans help fund solar panels, organic fertilizers, high-efficiency stoves, drip irrigation systems, and biofuels. As of December 2013, Kiva lenders had crowd-funded 4,600 green loans.[26]

Support for higher education

Getting access to university and graduate level education is extremely difficult for poor students in developing countries. Outside of the United States and a few other wealthy industrialized countries, student loans are rare, leaving families without substantial savings with few options.[27] In low income countries, only 7% of the population received university or graduate level education, as of 2007.[28]

Higher education has been shown to play a significant role in development in a country, and UNESCO reports that "higher education makes a significant contribution to reduction in absolute as well as relative poverty," in a country.[29]

In 2010, Kiva began a Student Microloans program that allowed lenders to help support students seeking access to higher education.[30] Student loans are funded with the same crowd-funding approach, and typically students have 1–3 years to pay back their loans.

In 2014, the education offerings on Kiva expanded greatly when the organization began a deeper partnership with Vittana.[31] Vittana works on the ground in countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, developing loan alternatives for low-income students. Through the partnership, all loans sourced by Vittana now appear on Kiva for funding.

Support for refugees

In July 2017, Kiva launched a World Refugee Fund, a $250,000 matching fund to provide support to refugees and host communities in countries including Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey. As refugees repay the loans, they build a track record in their new locations. The fund is to be followed by a rotating fund of up to $9M in loan capital.[4]

Other Kiva programs

Kiva Zip

Kiva launched Kiva Zip, a 0% interest peer-to-peer lending pilot program, in late 2011 as part of efforts to "cut lending costs through technology."[32] Zip operates in the U.S. and Kenya, and lenders can contribute as little as $5 to a loan. The loans posted to Kiva Zip are often from borrowers who have been rejected for loans by traditional banking institutions, but on Kiva Zip they don't need to be able to produce high credit scores or collateral.[32] Zip uses a system of trustees, who vouch for the borrowers.[33] Zip trustees can be local non-profits, service organizations, businesses, faith organizations or community leaders.[33]

The average loan size on Zip is $5,000 and borrowers and lenders can communicate on the platform, which is not the case on Kiva.[34] Each borrower profile on Zip includes a private area for conversation and messages between borrowers and lenders, which sometimes evolves into lenders becoming customers or even brand ambassadors that encourage other members of the community to support a business.[32] Zip borrowers average about two years to repay loans.[32]

As of June 2018, Kiva Zip seems not to be active as a separate program anymore, but just part of Kiva.[35]

Kiva Labs

Google awarded a $3 million Global Impact Award to Kiva in 2013 to fund the Kiva Labs project, which looks for ways to increase the flexibility and impact of microfinance.[36] Labs initiatives include lowering interest rates, providing more flexible repayment terms that accommodate issues like seasonal profits in farming, and offering longer-term loans for investments like education.[36] Labs also focuses on providing access to clean energy technology and using mobile technology in ways that will bridge the knowledge gap. At the time of the labs launch, Kiva lenders had crowdfunded "132,000 agricultural loans; 4,600 green loans, and 670 mobile tech loans."[37]

Kiva City

Kiva City provides local business owners and entrepreneurs in U.S. cities with the opportunity to crowdsource loans.[38] It was launched by Kiva and former US President Bill Clinton at the Clinton Global Initiative America conference in Chicago in 2011.[39] Kiva City locations include: Detroit, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Newark, Richmond, Little Rock, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, Louisville, San Francisco, New York City, and Oakland.

In less than a year, the Kiva City programs in Richmond, Virginia, helped fund more than $100,000 in loans to local businesses.[40]

Issues

Interest rates

Some people, including microfinance pioneer Muhammad Yunus, argue that the interest rates of many microcredit institutions are unreasonably high. In his latest book he argues that microfinance institutions that charge more than 15% above their long-term operating costs should face penalties.[41]

According to its web site, Kiva quotes interest rates as the "self reported average rate charged by the Field Partner to the entrepreneur."[42] As of January 7, 2010, 35.21% is the Average Interest Rate and Fees Borrowers Pay (Portfolio Yield) to All Kiva Field Partners.

For example, in 2009 micro-loans from Kiva partners in Guatemala averaged 23.16% for the equivalent of US$430 lent on average, comparable to the commercial BanRural rate of 24.5% for a loan of US$635.[43] (For reference, the inflation rate for Guatemala typically varies between 5 and 10% and was just 0.62% in 2009).[44]

Kiva does not publish the interest rates charged for the individual loans funded through its website. However, it does publish the average "Portfolio Yield" of each of its field partners, as a way for prospective lenders to estimate the cost to the borrower of the loans they consider funding. The "Portfolio Yield" measures the average income earned from the field partner's outstanding loan portfolio.[45] Some observers have pointed out that the "Portfolio Yield" measure is unreliable, and does not directly reflect the actual price that borrowers are paying for the loans.[46]

Kiva defends the interest rates of its field partners, however, saying its field partners provide much better rates than local alternatives, but must charge what they do because "the costs of making a micro-loan in the developing world are higher versus larger loans in the West."[42] Kiva itself does not keep any of the interest collected, but operates instead exclusively on donations.[47]

The high interest rates inherent in the Kiva model have inspired several other online microlending services, which aim to reduce the cost to borrowers. One example, United Prosperity, uses lender funds as security to leverage matching loan amounts from local banks, at lower interest rates than would otherwise be available to the borrowers.[48] United Prosperity works with field partners in India and Sri Lanka.[49]

Kiva itself launched a more direct peer-to-peer microlending platform, called Kiva Zip, in 2012. Kiva Zip transfers funds directly to borrowers without outsourcing disbursements and repayment collection to field partners. Instead, Kiva Zip partners with local institutions called Trustees, who vet loan applicants, provide mentorship, and may post profiles and updates on their behalf. Currently, Kiva Zip borrowers do not pay any interest or fees. Lenders are protected from currency risk but do not earn interest. Kiva Zip is considered an experimental platform, and offers loans in the United States and in Kenya. In the future, it hopes to expand to other locations.[50] Kiva Zip's repayment rate is 89.4%.[51]

Current interest rate statistics

As of April 2012, there are a total of 188 field partners listed on the Kiva website and their status is as follows: 105 Active, 11 Paused, 30 Pilot and 42 Closed.[52] The following table shows the "Portfolio Yield"of a sampling of field partners.[52] "Portfolio Yield" figures are calculated by dividing all interest and fees paid by borrowers to the field partner by the average loan portfolio of the field partner that given year. The figure provides a more accurate insight into the costs of borrowing because it includes fees associated with borrowing.

Pre-disbursement of funds

When Kiva began, borrowers had to wait until their loans were funded on the Kiva website to receive the funds. Since then, the system has changed, so that loans are disbursed to borrowers before their stories are posted to Kiva's website.[53][54] Disbursing loans sooner has a positive impact on the borrowers, who no longer need to wait weeks to receive their funding and can thus take advantage of time-sensitive business opportunities. This is disclosed on Kiva's site; each loan proposal states whether funds were pre-disbursed. Thus, lenders' loan funds are likely to go to borrowers other than those chosen by the lenders.[53] However, since the pay-back behaviour of the specific borrower chosen by the lender does influence whether or not the lender gets their funds back (except when an MFI has chosen to cover for borrower defaults), there is at least some connection between the lender and the specific borrower. Whether lenders' preferences are used for lender preference trend analysis by any field partners or Kiva is not stated. Kiva's response has been to keep pre-disbursing but be clearer about the process.[55]

Field partner institutional weakness

Kiva works with more than 240 field partners.[56] In an article for the journal innovations, Matt Flannery identified six microfinance institutions (MFIs) that he saw as involved in "serious fraud".[57] These are the six that he identifies:

  • Women's Economic Empowerment Consort (WEEC) -- When Jedidah Waigwa, the woman who started this MFI, died, her husband took over and WEEC became disorganised. Money that was intended for entrepreneurs was used to pay WEEC debts.[58]
  • Supporting Enterprises for Economic Development (SEED) -- In this instance Kiva pursued a legal case, however, it had not made much progress as of April 2008.[59]
  • Women's Initiative to Eradicate Poverty (WITEP) -- Flannery was personally involved in this investigation as discussed in the article that he wrote for innovations. Moses Onyango, a former friend of Matt and Jessica Flannery, was involved in creating a shell MFI to funnel money to himself.[57][60]
  • Rural Agency for Development (RAFODE) -- Flannery writes that this MFI embezzled funds away from borrowers who "never saw a penny."[57][61]
  • Afrique Emergence & Investissements (AE&I) -- A Kiva fellow was requested by AE&I to help get operations back to normal after severe computer problems. She notified the central office of irregularities and after an investigation, Kiva closed the partnership. (AE&I paid back all outstanding loans to Kiva). However, the MFI has published a rebuttal and other partners of AE&I including AfriCap Microfinance Investment Company, and OIKOCREDIT stood by it.[62][63] AE&I has now been picked up by another online microfinance platform called MyC4.[64][65]
  • MIFEX -- Flannery writes that the loan sizes were inflated by 30 percent, and the excess was used to pay operational costs.[57][66]

Although cases of fraud do exist, Kiva made the following statement on the partner page for SEED:

Please realise that our audit of SEED uncovered a true exception to the norm; the vast majority of our Field Partners administer your loans with the highest integrity. Kiva will continue to audit Field Partners to monitor the integrity of your loan and to make our website a model for transparency in international development.[59]

Full-repayment frequency uncertainty

Whether defaults are extremely low has been questioned on the ground that a field partner may pay Kiva for loans defaulted to the field partner in order to maintain the field partner's good credit with Kiva.[53] Whether interest rates collected by field partners are enough to pay for significant defaults depends on local economic conditions for each field partner.

Controversial loans

In 2008, Kiva featured the borrowing profile of a Peruvian woman asking for a loan to buy equipment for her cockfighting business.[67][68] This sparked debate among the Kiva Lending Community about the principles of the organization, and many complained that the organization was promoting cruelty to animals. Matt Flannery responded to the debate by providing an overview of the legal issues surrounding the debate, and took a more relativist stance. Flannery wrote on Socialedge.org — a blog site designed to connect entrepreneurs for social benefit —

I think that allowing our partner to decide which loans to post without much interference is a good thing. We can be paternalistic when we start imposing our moral framework upon societies half a world away. Cockfighting in Peru is legal and part of a rich cultural tradition. It may not be humane or palatable from a Western perspective, but that misses the point. Kiva, the organization, should not be making those decisions. Our lenders should be the ones voting with their dollars.[67]

This position has caused some lenders to pull their funds (often moving them to other microfinance sites such as United Prosperity, Zidisha.org, Wokai, Energy in Common, etc). Others who wanted to continue to lend through Kiva created "Kivans Against Cockfighting Loans" in May 2009, and, as of June 8, 2012, it has lent $15,625 to borrowers pursuing projects that do not involve the harming of animals.[69]

Controversy regarding Strathmore University and Opus Dei

In Spring 2013, one of Kiva's field partners, Strathmore University, posted many large loans to cover full tuitions for students from low-income regions in Kenya who could not otherwise afford higher education. Kiva also established a field office on the Strathmore campus. Shortly after, many lenders raised concerns because Strathmore University is a corporate undertaking of Opus Dei.[70] This spawned a debate in the Kiva forums, leading to an open letter from Kiva's CEO Matt Flannery addressing the issue.[71]

Promotions and marketing strategies

In March 2012, Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn's co-founder, lent Kiva $1 million. Kiva then allowed 40,000 people to lend $25 for "free." Lenders still choose a borrower, but the borrower will pay back Hoffman instead of the lender who chose them. Kiva hopes that the "free" users will lend to more of their projects, and thus increase their overall user base.[72]

In his 2007 book Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, Bill Clinton covers Kiva.org and the work the organization is currently doing and has done in the past.

External reviews

The following independent entities have reviewed Kiva.

  • In 2013, foundation Google.org conducted extensive due diligence on Kiva and awarded it a $3 million Global Impact Award for the creation of Kiva Labs.[73]
  • In 2012, charity evaluator Charity Navigator gave Kiva its highest 4-star rating two years running.[74]
  • In 2012, charity evaluator Philanthropedia awarded Kiva its Top Non-Profit Award based on topic area expert opinions.[75]
  • In 2011, The Economist honored Kiva with its Innovation Award.[76]
  • In 2010, foundation Omidyar Network conducted extensive due diligence and awarded Kiva a $5 million grant to scale its impact.[77]
  • In 2010, Kiva was selected as one of Oprah's Ultimate Favorite Things.[78]
  • In 2009, charity evaluator GiveWell published a generic critique of giving marketplaces including Kiva and Global Giving.[79] and specific critiques of Kiva.[80]
  • In 2008, TIME magazine named Kiva a Top 50 website.[81]
  • In 2007, Skoll Foundation conducted extensive due diligence and awarded Kiva a $1 million grant as part of its recognition of the world's best social enterprises.[82]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kiva Microfunds". ProPublica. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "What kind of organization is Kiva?". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  3. 1 2 Terry Waghorn (14 November 2013). "Premal Shah: Loans That Change Lives". Forbes.
  4. 1 2 "Lending Pioneer Kiva Hits The One Billion Mark And Launches A Fund For Refugees".
  5. ↑ Waghorn, Terry. "Premal Shah: Loans That Change Lives".
  6. ↑ Rebecca Grant (12 December 2013). "Kiva gets $3M award from Google to reach the 'overlooked' poor with big ideas". VentureBeat.
  7. ↑ "About Us". Kiva.org. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  8. ↑ "How to become a Field Partner". Kiva.org. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  9. 1 2 Matt Flannery (2007). "Kiva and the Birth of Person to Person Microfinance" (PDF). MIT Press. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  10. 1 2 "Supporters". Kiva.org. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  11. ↑ "When I pay through PayPal, is PayPal taking a fee?". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  12. ↑ "Kiva FAQ: Do I have to use PayPal?". Kiva.org. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Do Kiva.org's Field Partners charge interest to the borrowers?". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  14. ↑ "Why are microcredit interest rates higher than traditional interest rates?". MicroWorld.
  15. ↑ Flannery, M. (2007). "Kiva and the Birth of Person-to-Person Microfinance". Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization. 2: 31–56. doi:10.1162/itgg.2007.2.1-2.31.
  16. ↑ Narang, Sonia (2006). "Web-Based Microfinancing". New York Times Magazine. New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  17. ↑ "History". Kiva.org. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  18. ↑ "KIVA Stats". Kiva.org. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  19. ↑ "Kiva.org". Alexa.com. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax" (PDF). Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  21. ↑ Kiva Responds: The famed microlender replies to Hugh Sinclair’s scathing critique, nextbillion.com, 12 February 2014
  22. ↑ "Statistics". Kiva.org. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  23. ↑ Jackson Lee, Ruth. "The Microfinance Movement: Closing the Gender Gap with a Click" (PDF). Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  24. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas D., Sheryl WuDunn (2009). Half the Sky. New York: Vintage Books.
  25. ↑ Byrne, Ciara. "Micro-lending site Kiva goes green". Venturebeat.
  26. ↑ Alois, JD. "Kiva Labs to Generate $25 Million in Crowdfunded Loans for Clean Energy, Mobile Technology, and Agriculture".
  27. ↑ White, Mercedes. "Loans for students in developing nations help fight against poverty".
  28. ↑ "Global Trends in Higher Education" (PDF). UNESCO.
  29. ↑ Tilak, Jandhyala. "Higher education, poverty and development" (PDF). UNESCO.
  30. ↑ Rao, Leena. "Kiva Adds Student Loans To Microlending Marketplace".
  31. ↑ Farr, Christina. "Kiva and Vittana partner to crowdfund loans for students in developing nations".
  32. 1 2 3 4 Said, Carolyn. "Kiva Zip loans aid low-income U.S. entrepreneurs".
  33. 1 2 Todd, Deborah. "Pittsburgh pilot program to help finance entrepreneurs morphs into Kiva City".
  34. ↑ Tascarella, Patty. "Kiva City Pittsburgh aims to lend to 100 entrepreneurs within first year".
  35. ↑ The subdomain zip.kiva.org redirects to kiva.org/borrow.
  36. 1 2 Dolan, Kerry. "Microlender Kiva Gets $3M Grant From Google; Aims To Tackle Microfinance 2.0".
  37. ↑ "Kiva.org Receives $3 Million Google Global Impact Award to Launch Kiva Labs".
  38. ↑ Ferenstein, Gregory. "Kiva Piloting Microlending For U.S. Small Biz, Clinton Says It's 'A Very Big Deal'".
  39. ↑ Loten, Angus. "Clinton Launches Micro-Lending Drive".
  40. ↑ Geiger, Jacob. "Kiva Zip loan program has lent $100k since launch".
  41. ↑ Yunus, Muhammad (2007). Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58648-667-9.
  42. 1 2 "Kiva Help - Interest Rate Comparison". Kiva.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  43. ↑ Shearer, Laura (15 April 2009). "The Coffee Trade Nothing Fair About It". La Cuadra. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  44. ↑ "Guatemala inflation rate drops to 25-year low". Reuters. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  45. ↑ "[Kiva Help] Borrowing Cost Comparison". kiva.org.
  46. ↑ Hugh Sinclair (22 October 2012). "What's Wrong With Kiva's Portfolio Yield Statistic?". Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  47. ↑ "Kiva - About Us". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  48. ↑ "United Prosperity - How It Works". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  49. ↑ "United Prosperity - Our Partners". Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  50. ↑ "Kiva Zip: FAQ". Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Kiva Zip: Innovations in Person-to-Person Lending". Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 "Our Field Partners". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  53. 1 2 3 Roodman, David (2 October 2009). "Kiva Is Not Quite What It Seems". Center for Global Development. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  54. ↑ Stephanie Strom (8 November 2009). "Confusion on Where Money Lent via Kiva Goes". New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  55. ↑ Flannery, Matt (12 October 2009). "Matt Flannery, Kiva CEO and Co-Founder, Replies". Center for Global Development. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  56. ↑ Macdonald, Vanessa. "Changing lives – for the cost of a meal out".
  57. 1 2 3 4 Flannery, M. (2009). "Kiva at Four (Innovations Case Narrative: Kiva)" (PDF). Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization. 4 (2): 31–49. doi:10.1162/itgg.2009.4.2.31.
  58. ↑ "Women's Economic Empowerment Consort (WEEC)". Kiva. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  59. 1 2 "Supporting Enterprises for Economic Development (SEED)". Kiva. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  60. ↑ "Women's Initiative to Eradicate Poverty (WITEP)". Kiva. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  61. ↑ "Rural Agency for Development (RAFODE)". Kiva. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  62. ↑ "Africa Emergence & Investissements (AE&I) response" (PDF). Africa Emergence & Investissements. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  63. ↑ "Africa Emergence & Investissements (AE&I) main site". Africa Emergence & Investissements (AE&I). Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  64. ↑ "MYC4 forum, partner AE&I". MYC4. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  65. ↑ "Afrique Emergence & Investissements". Kiva. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  66. ↑ "MIFEX". Kiva. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  67. 1 2 Flannery, Matt (29 March 2008). "Cockfighting". Skoll Foundation. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  68. ↑ Smiley, Lauren (27 February 2008). "Kiva's Microloans Underwriting Cockfighting in Peru". SF Weekly. San Francisco. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  69. ↑ "Kivans Against Cockfighting Loans". Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  70. ↑ "Strathmore University - Opus Dei". Strathmore University. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  71. ↑ "An Open Letter About Kiva and Strathmore". Kiva.org. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  72. ↑ Pan, Joann. "725,000 Loans Granted By Kiva, 2.6 Billion To Go". Mashable Business. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  73. ↑ "Google.org". Google.org. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  74. ↑ "Charity Navigator Rating - Kiva". Charity Navigator.
  75. ↑ "International Microfinance 2012 Top Nonprofit Ranking". Myphilanthropedia.org. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  76. ↑ Stay informed today and every day (December 3, 2011). "Monitor: And the winners were…". The Economist. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  77. ↑ "ON | Omidyar Network Awards $5 Million Grant to Kiva to Spur Growth of Microfinance in Underserved Markets". Omidyar.com. August 12, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  78. ↑ "Kiva Gift Card, Courtesy of Groupon". Oprah.com. November 19, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  79. ↑ "Kiva, GlobalGiving, and other "giving marketplaces" - GiveWell". GiveWell.
  80. ↑ "Kiva | The GiveWell Blog". Blog.givewell.org. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  81. ↑ iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (June 17, 2008). "Kiva - 50 Best Websites 2008 - TIME". Content.time.com. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  82. ↑ "Kiva « Skoll Foundation". Skollfoundation.org. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
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