Kazakh famine of 1932–33

Kazakh famine of 1932–33
The cube at the site for future monument for victims of the Soviet famine (1931–1933) in the center of Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Country Kazakhstan
Location Nationwide
Period 1930-33[1]
Total deaths 1.5 to 2.3 million[2]
Observations Caused by Sovietization under Filipp Goloshchekin causing Kazakh's to call the famine: "The Goloshchekin genocide"
Consequences Kazakhs reduced from 60% to 38% of the republic's population[3][4][5][6]
Preceded by Kazakh famine of 1919–1922
The major ethnic groups in Kazakhstan 1897–1970. The number of Kazakhs and Ukrainians decreased in 1932–1933 due to famine.

The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, known in Kazakhstan as the Goloshchekin genocide (Kazakh: Goloshekındik genotsıd),[4] also known as the Kazakh catastrophe,[7] was a man-made famine where 1.5 million (possibly as many as 2.0–2.3 million) people died in Soviet Kazakhstan, of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs; 38% of all Kazakhs died, the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed in the Soviet famines of the early 1930s.[8][2]

It was the most severe of all regions affected by famine, percentage-wise, though more people died in the Ukrainian Holodomor, which began a year later.[9] In addition to the Kazakh famine of 1919–1922, in 10–15 years Kazakhstan lost more than half of its population due to the actions of the Soviet power.[10] [11] Some historians assume that 42% of the entire Kazakh population died in the famine.[12] The two Soviet censuses show that the number of the Kazakhs in Kazakhstan dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937.[13]

The famine made Kazakhs a minority in the Kazakh ASSR, and not until the 1990s did Kazakhs become the largest group in Kazakhstan again. Before the famine, around 60% of the republic's population were Kazakhs, but after the famine, only around 38% of the population were Kazakhs.[3][4][5][6]

Documentary film "Great hunger" director Kalila Umarov.

Classification as a genocide

Some historians and scholars consider that this famine amounted to genocide of the Kazakhs.[14]

See also

References

  1. "The Kazakh Famine of the 1930s".
  2. 1 2 Volkava, Elena (2012-03-26). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space". Wilson Center. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  3. 1 2 Татимов М. Б. Социальная обусловленность демографических процессов. Алма-Ата,1989. С.124
  4. 1 2 3 Қазақстан тарихы: Аса маңызды кезеңдері мен ғылыми мәселелері. Жалпы білім беретін мектептің қоғамдык- гуманитарлық бағытындағы 11-сыныбына арналған оқулық / М.Қойгелдиев, Ә.Төлеубаев, Ж.Қасымбаев, т.б. — Алматы: «Мектеп» баспасы, 2007. — 304 бет,суретті. ISBN 9965-36-106-1
  5. 1 2 http://world.lib.ru/p/professor_l_k/070102_koval_drujba.shtml - "Запомнил и долю казахов в пределах своей республики - 28%. А за тридцать лет до того они составляли у себя дома уверенное большинство"
  6. 1 2 PIANCIOLA, NICCOLÒ (1 January 2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 25 (3/4): 237–251. doi:10.2307/41036834 (inactive 2018-09-04). JSTOR 41036834.
  7. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine, 1987
  8. NICCOLÒ PIANCIOLA (2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 25 (3–4): 237–251. JSTOR 41036834. PMID 20034146.
  9. Pannier, Bruce (2007-12-28). "Kazakhstan: The Forgotten Famine". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  10. "Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения".
  11. Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Hachette UK. p. 90. ISBN 9780465032976.
  12. John Arch Getty, Roberta Thompson Manning, ed. (1993). Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780521446709.
  13. European Society for Central Asian Studies (2004). Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig, ed. Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 236. ISBN 9783825883096.
  14. Sabol, Steven (2017). "The Touch of Civilization": Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization. University Press of Colorado. p. 47. ISBN 9781607325505.

Further reading

  • Conquest, Robert, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine (Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press in Association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986).
  • Kindler, Robert, Stalin's Nomads. Power and Famine in Kazakhstan, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2018.
  • Ohayon, I. La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l'URSS de Staline, collectivisation et changement social, Paris, maisonneuve et Larose, 2006 (in French)
  • Sahni, Kalpana. Crucifying the Orient: Russian orientalism and the colonization of Caucasus and Central Asia. Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1997


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