Kalbids

Italy in 1000 CE.

The Kalbids were a Muslim Arab dynasty in Sicily, which ruled from 948 to 1053.

In 827, in the midst of internal Byzantine conflict, the Aghlabids arrived at Marsala in Sicily, with a fleet of 10,000 men under the command of Asad ibn al-Furat. Palermo was conquered in 831 and became the new capital.[1] Syracuse fell in 878[2] and in 902 the last Byzantine outpost, Taormina, was taken.[3] At the same time various Muslim incursions into southern Italy occurred, with new Emirates being founded in Taranto and Bari. During this period there were constant power struggles amongst the Muslims. Nominally the island was under rule of the Aghlabids and later the Fatimids.

After successfully suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph appointed al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–953) as Emir of Sicily, the first of the Kalbid dynasty. The Fatimids appointed the Kalbids as rulers via proxy[4] before they shifted their capital from Ifriqiya to Cairo in 969. Raids into southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under Otto II was defeated by Abu'l-Qasim in the Battle of Stilo near Crotone in Calabria. The dynasty began a steady period of decline with the Emirate of Yusuf al-Kalbi (990-998) who entrusted the island to his sons and created space for interference from the Zirids of Ifriqiya. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions allying themselves variously with Byzantium and the Zirids. Even though neither of these powers could establish themselves in Sicily permanently, under Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053) the island fragmented into small fiefdoms. The Kalbids died out in 1053,[5] and in 1061 the Normans of southern Italy arrived under Roger I of Sicily and began their conquest, which was completed in 1091. The Muslims were allowed to remain and played an important role in the administration, army and economy of the Norman kingdom until the 12th century.

Under the Kalbid dynasty, Sicily, and especially Palermo, was an important economic centre of the Mediterranean. The Muslims introduced lemons, Seville oranges and sugar cane, as well as cotton and mulberries for sericulture, and built irrigation systems for agriculture.[6] Sicily was also an important hub for trade between the Near East, North Africa and the Italian maritime republics such as Amalfi, Pisa and Genoa.

Rulers

Citrus fruit, like lemons, are said to have been introduced to Sicily under the Kalbids
  • al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–953)
  • Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (954–969)
  • Ya'ish (969-970)
  • Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (970–982)
  • Jabir al-Kalbi (982–983)
  • Ja'far al-Kalbi (983–985)
  • Abdallah al-Kalbi (985–990)
  • Yusuf al-Kalbi (990–998)
  • Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)
  • al-Akhal (1019–1037)
  • Abdallah (1037–1040), Zirid usurper
  • Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053)[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ J. Gordon Melton (15 January 2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 699–. ISBN 978-1-61069-026-3.
  2. ↑ Sarah Davis-Secord (20 June 2017). Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean. Cornell University Press. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-5017-1258-6.
  3. ↑ Melchiorre Trigilia (1 January 1990). La Madonna dei Milici di Scicli: cristiani e musulmani nella Sicilia del Mille : i più antichi testi in volgare : storia, tradizione, fede, civiltà, arte, folclore. Trigilia Cultura. pp. 82–. GGKEY:3EG1RGUZ1SP.
  4. ↑ Shainool Jiwa (18 December 2017). The Fatimids: 1. The Rise of a Muslim Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-1-78672-174-7.
  5. 1 2 C. E Bosworth (11 March 2014). New Islamic Dynasties. Edinburgh University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7486-9648-2.
  6. ↑ Alex Metcalfe (11 March 2014). Muslims of Medieval Italy. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-0-7486-8843-2.

Sources

  • Amari, Michele (1933–1939). Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (in Italian). Catania: Romeo Prampolini.
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