Iterative and incremental development

Iterative and Incremental development is any combination of both iterative design or iterative method and incremental build model for software development. The combination is of long standing[1] and has been widely suggested for large development efforts. For example, the 1985 DOD-STD-2167[2] mentions (in section 4.1.2): "During software development, more than one iteration of the software development cycle may be in progress at the same time." and "This process may be described as an 'evolutionary acquisition' or 'incremental build' approach." The relationship between iterations and increments is determined by the overall software development methodology and software development process.

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Iterative development model

Overview

Iterative development was created as a response to inefficiencies and problems found in the waterfall model.[3]

A simplified version of a typical iteration cycle in agile project management

The basic idea behind this method is to develop a system through repeated cycles (iterative) and in smaller portions at a time (incremental), allowing software developers to take advantage of what was learned during development of earlier parts or versions of the system. Learning comes from both the development and use of the system, where possible key steps in the process start with a simple implementation of a subset of the software requirements and iteratively enhance the evolving versions until the full system is implemented. At each iteration, design modifications are made and new functional capabilities are added.

The procedure itself consists of the initialization step, the iteration step, and the Project Control List. The initialization step creates a base version of the system. The goal for this initial implementation is to create a product to which the user can react. It should offer a sampling of the key aspects of the problem and provide a solution that is simple enough to understand and implement easily. To guide the iteration process, a project control list is created that contains a record of all tasks that need to be performed. It includes items such as new features to be implemented and areas of redesign of the existing solution. The control list is constantly being revised as a result of the analysis phase.

The iteration involves the redesign and implementation of iteration is to be simple, straightforward, and modular, supporting redesign at that stage or as a task added to the project control list. The level of design detail is not dictated by the iterative approach. In a light-weight iterative project the code may represent the major source of documentation of the system; however, in a critical iterative project a formal Software Design Document may be used. The analysis of an iteration is based upon user feedback, and the program analysis facilities available. It involves analysis of the structure, modularity, usability, reliability, efficiency, & achievement of goals. The project control list is modified in light of the analysis results.

Iterative development.

Phases

Incremental development slices the system functionality into increments (portions). In each increment, a slice of functionality is delivered through cross-discipline work, from the requirements to the deployment. The Unified Process groups increments/iterations into phases: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.

  • Inception identifies project scope, requirements (functional and non-functional) and risks at a high level but in enough detail that work can be estimated.
  • Elaboration delivers a working architecture that mitigates the top risks and fulfills the non-functional requirements.
  • Construction incrementally fills-in the architecture with production-ready code produced from analysis, design, implementation, and testing of the functional requirements.
  • Transition delivers the system into the production operating environment.

Each of the phases may be divided into 1 or more iterations, which are usually time-boxed rather than feature-boxed. Architects and analysts work one iteration ahead of developers and testers to keep their work-product backlog full.

Usage/History

Many examples of early usage are provided in Craig Larman and Victor Basili's article "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History",[4] with one of the earliest being NASA's 1960s Project Mercury.

Some of those Mercury engineers later formed a new division within IBM, where "another early and striking example of a major IID success [was] the very heart of NASA’s space shuttle software—the primary avionics software system, which [they] built from 1977 to 1980. The team applied IID in a series of 17 iterations over 31 months, averaging around eight weeks per iteration. Their motivation for avoiding the waterfall life cycle was that the shuttle program’s requirements changed during the software development process."[4]

Some organizations, such as the US Department of Defense, have a preference for iterative methodologies, starting with MIL-STD-498 "clearly encouraging evolutionary acquisition and IID".

The DoD Instruction 5000.2 released in 2000 stated a clear preference for IID:

There are two approaches, evolutionary and single step [waterfall], to full capability. An evolutionary approach is preferred. … [In this] approach, the ultimate capability delivered to the user is divided into two or more blocks, with increasing increments of capability...software development shall follow an iterative spiral development process in which continually expanding software versions are based on learning from earlier development. It can also be done in phases.

Recent revisions to DoDI 5000.02 no longer refer to "spiral development," but do advocate the general approach as a baseline for software-intensive development/procurement programs.[5] In addition, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) also employs an iterative and incremental developmental approach to its programming cycle to design, monitor, evaluate, learn and adapt international development projects with a project management approach that focuses on incorporating collaboration, learning, and adaptation strategies to iterate and adapt programming.[6]

Contrast with Waterfall development

The main cause due to which most of the software development projects fail is the choice of the model. Hence, it should be made with a great concern.[7] Waterfall development completes the project-wide work-products of each discipline in one step before moving on to the next discipline in the next step. Business value is delivered all at once, and only at the very end of the project. Backtracking is possible in an iterative approach.

  • User involvement: In waterfall model, the user is involved in one stage of the model, i.e. requirement. Whereas in the Incremental model, the client is involved at each and every stage.
  • Variability: The software is delivered to the user only after all the stages of life cycle is completed. On the other hand, every increment is delivered to the user and after the approval of user, the developer is allowed to move towards the next module.
  • Manpower: In incremental model less staff is required as compared to waterfall model.
  • Time limitation: Operational quality portion is delivered after months while in the Incremental model the operational product is given to the user within a few weeks.
  • Project size: Waterfall model is unsuitable for small projects while incremental model is best suitable for small as well as large projects.

Implementation guidelines

Guidelines that drive the implementation and analysis include:

  • Any difficulty in design, coding and testing a modification should signal the need for redesign or re-coding.
  • Modifications should fit easily into isolated and easy-to-find modules. If they do not, some redesign is possibly needed.
  • Modifications to tables should be especially easy to make. If any table modification is not quickly and easily done, redesign is indicated.
  • Modifications should become easier to make as the iterations progress. If they are not, there is a basic problem such as a design flaw or a proliferation of patches.
  • Patches should normally be allowed to exist for only one or two iterations. Patches may be necessary to avoid redesigning during an implementation phase.
  • The existing implementation should be analyzed frequently to determine how well it measures up to project goals.
  • Program analysis facilities should be used whenever available to aid in the analysis of partial implementations.
  • User reaction should be solicited and analyzed for indications of deficiencies in the current implementation.

Use in hardware and embedded systems

While the term iterative and incremental development got started in the software industry, many hardware and embedded software development efforts are using iterative and incremental techniques. For example, the large US launch service provider United Launch Alliance (ULA) has undertaken a decade-long project to restructure its launch business—reducing two launch vehicles to one—using an iterative and incremental approach to get to a partially-reusable and much lower-cost launch system over the next decade.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Larman, Craig (June 2003). "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History" (PDF). Computer. 36 (6): 47–56. doi:10.1109/MC.2003.1204375. ISSN 0018-9162. We were doing incremental development as early as 1957, in Los Angeles, under the direction of Bernie Dimsdale [at IBM's ServiceBureau Corporation]. He was a colleague of John von Neumann, so perhaps he learned it there, or assumed it as totally natural. I do remember Herb Jacobs (primarily, though we all participated) developing a large simulation for Motorola, where the technique used was, as far as I can tell ...'
  2. ↑ DOD-STD-2167 Defense Systems Software Development (04 JUN 1985) on everyspec.com
  3. ↑ "Software Development Models: Iterative and Incremental Development".
  4. 1 2 Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History, Craig Larman and Victor Basili, IEEE Computer, June 2003
  5. ↑ Kendall, Frank; Gilmore, J. Michael; Halvorsen, Terry (2017-02-02). "Operation of the Defense Acquisition System" (PDF). DoD Issuances. Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. pp. 12–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  6. ↑ USAID. "ADS Chapter 201 Program Cycle Operational Policy". Retrieved April 19, 2017
  7. ↑ "Difference between Waterfall and Incremental Model".
  8. ↑ Gruss, Mike (2015-04-24). "Evolution of a Plan : ULA Execs Spell Out Logic Behind Vulcan Design Choices". Space News. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

References

  • Dr. Alistair Cockburn (May 2008). "Using Both Incremental and Iterative Development" (PDF). STSC CrossTalk. USAF Software Technology Support Center. 21 (5): 27&ndash, 30. ISSN 2160-1593. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
  • Craig Larman, Victor R. Basili (June 2003). "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History" (PDF). IEEE Computer. IEEE Computer Society. 36 (6): 47&ndash, 56. doi:10.1109/MC.2003.1204375. ISSN 0018-9162. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
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