Human Development Index

World map of countries by Human Development Index categories in increments of 0.050 (based on 2017 data, published on 14 September 2018).
  ≥ 0.900
  0.850–0.899
  0.800–0.849
  0.750–0.799
  0.700–0.749
  0.650–0.699
  0.600–0.649
  0.550–0.599
  0.500–0.549
  0.450–0.499
  0.400–0.449
  ≤ 0.399
  Data unavailable
World map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2017 data, published in 2018).[1]
  1.000–0.800 (very high)
  0.700–0.799 (high)
  0.555–0.699 (medium)
  0.350–0.554 (low)
  Data unavailable

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. It was developed by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, with help from Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics, and was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).[2][3]

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)", and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some of the most advanced countries, such as the G7 members and others.[4]

The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (as during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food.[5]

Origins

Amartya Sen
Mahbub ul Haq

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Farhan C.M, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities.[3] Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being.

The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index.[5]

Dimensions and calculation

New method (2010 Index onwards)

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions:[6][7]

In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)

LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.

2. Education Index (EI) [8]

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) [9]
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) [10]
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.

3. Income Index (II)

II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Old method (before 2010 Index)

The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report:

HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
  OECD
  Europe not in the OECD and CIS

This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[11] In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

where and are the lowest and highest values the variable can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ​1⁄3 contributed by each of the following factor indices:

Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI.

2018 Human Development Index

The 2018 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 September 2018, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2017.[12] Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[13]

  • Increase = increase.
  • Steady = steady.
  • Decrease = decrease.
  • The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the year of 2016.

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[14] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".

The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 30).

  1.  Iceland 0.878
  2.  Japan 0.876
  3.  Norway 0.876
  4.   Switzerland 0.871
  5.  Finland 0.868
  6.  Sweden 0.864
  7.  Germany 0.861
  8.  Australia 0.861
  9.  Denmark 0.860
  10.  Netherlands 0.857
  11.  Ireland 0.854
  12.  Canada 0.852
  13.  New Zealand 0.846
  14.  Slovenia 0.846
  15.  Czech Republic 0.840
  16.  Belgium 0.836
  17.  United Kingdom 0.835
  18.  Austria 0.835
  19.  Singapore 0.816
  20.  Luxembourg 0.811
  21.  Hong Kong 0.809
  22.  France 0.808
  23.  Malta 0.805
  24.  Slovakia 0.797
  25.  United States 0.797
  26.  Estonia 0.794
  27.  Israel 0.787
  28.  Poland 0.787
  29.  South Korea 0.773
  30.  Hungary 0.773
  31.  Italy 0.771
  32.  Cyprus 0.769
  33.  Latvia 0.759
  34.  Lithuania 0.757
  35.  Croatia 0.756
  36.  Belarus 0.755
  37.  Spain 0.754
  38.  Greece 0.753
  39.  Montenegro 0.741
  40.  Russia 0.738
  41.  Kazakhstan 0.737
  42.  Portugal 0.732
  43.  Romania 0.717
  44.  Bulgaria 0.710
  45.  Chile 0.710
  46.  Argentina 0.707
  47.  Iran 0.707
  48.  Albania 0.706
  49.  Ukraine 0.701
  50.  Uruguay 0.689
  51.  Mauritius 0.683
  52.  Georgia 0.682
  53.  Azerbaijan 0.681
  54.  Armenia 0.680
  55.  Barbados 0.669

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Qatar, Brunei, Bahrain, Oman, Bahamas, Kuwait and Malaysia.

2016 Human Development Index

The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[12]

  • Increase = increase.
  • Steady = steady.
  • Decrease = decrease.
  • The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report.
Rank Country or region Score
2016 estimates for 2015
[15]		 Change in rank from previous year[15] 2016 estimates for 2015
[15]		 Change from previous year
[15]
1Steady Norway0.949Increase 0.001
2Steady Australia0.939Increase 0.002
2Steady  Switzerland0.939Increase 0.001
4Increase (2) Germany0.926Increase 0.002
5Increase (1) Denmark0.925Increase 0.002
5Increase (6) Singapore0.925Increase 0.013
7Decrease (1) Netherlands0.924Increase 0.001
8Steady Ireland0.923Increase 0.003
9Increase (7) Iceland0.921Increase 0.002
10Decrease (1) Canada0.920Increase 0.001
10Decrease (2) United States0.920Increase 0.002
12Steady Hong Kong0.917Increase 0.001
13Decrease (4) New Zealand0.915Increase 0.002
14Increase (1) Sweden0.913Increase 0.004
15Decrease (1) Liechtenstein0.912Increase 0.001
16Decrease (4) United Kingdom0.909Increase 0.003
17Increase (3) Japan0.903Increase 0.001
18Steady South Korea0.901Increase 0.002
19Steady Israel0.899Increase 0.001
20Steady Luxembourg0.898Increase 0.002
21Increase (1) France0.897Increase 0.003
22Decrease (1) Belgium0.896Increase 0.001
23Steady Finland0.895Increase 0.002
24Steady Austria0.893Increase 0.001
25Increase (2) Spain0.892Increase 0.005
26Steady Slovenia0.890Increase 0.002
27Increase (1) Italy0.887Increase 0.006
28Steady Czech Republic0.878Increase 0.003
29Steady Greece0.866Increase 0.001
30Increase (10) Slovakia0.865Increase 0.020
31Increase (1) Estonia0.865Increase 0.002
32Steady Andorra0.858Increase 0.001
33Increase (1) Cyprus0.856Increase 0.002
33Increase (2) Malta0.856Increase 0.003
33Steady Qatar0.856Increase 0.001
36Steady Poland0.855Increase 0.003
37Steady Lithuania0.848Increase 0.002
38Increase (4) Chile0.847Increase 0.002
38Steady Saudi Arabia0.847Increase 0.002
41Steady Portugal0.843Increase 0.002
42Steady United Arab Emirates0.840Increase 0.004
43Steady Hungary0.836Increase 0.002
44Steady Latvia0.830Increase 0.002
45Decrease (5) Argentina0.827Increase 0.001
45Increase (1) Croatia0.827Increase 0.004
47Decrease (1) Bahrain0.824Increase 0.001
48Increase (1) Montenegro0.807Increase 0.003
49Decrease (1) Russia0.804Decrease 0.001
50Increase (1) Romania0.802Increase 0.004
51Decrease (1) Kuwait0.800Increase 0.001

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[16] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".

The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206).

  1.  Norway 0.898
  2.  Iceland 0.868
  3.  Australia 0.861
  4.  Netherlands 0.861
  5.  Germany 0.859
  6.   Switzerland 0.859
  7.  Denmark 0.858
  8.  Sweden 0.851
  9.  Ireland 0.850
  10.  Finland 0.843
  11.  Canada 0.839
  12.  Slovenia 0.838
  13.  United Kingdom 0.836
  14.  Czech Republic 0.830
  15.  Luxembourg 0.827
  16.  Belgium 0.821
  17.  Austria 0.815
  18.  France 0.813
  19.  United States 0.796
  20.  Slovakia 0.793
  21.  Japan 0.791
  22.  Spain 0.791
  23.  Estonia 0.788
  24.  Malta 0.786
  25.  Italy 0.784
  26.  Israel 0.778
  27.  Poland 0.774
  28.  Hungary 0.771
  29.  Cyprus 0.762
  30.  Lithuania 0.759
  31.  Greece 0.758
  32.  Portugal 0.755
  33.  South Korea 0.753
  34.  Croatia 0.752
  35.  Latvia 0.742
  36.  Montenegro 0.736
  37.  Russia 0.725
  38.  Romania 0.714
  39.  Argentina 0.698
  40.  Chile 0.691

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait.

2015 Human Development Index

The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[17][18][19]

  • Increase = increase.
  • Steady = steady.
  • Decrease = decrease.
  • The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report.
Rank Country Score
2015 estimates for 2014
[20]		 Change in rank from previous year[20] 2015 estimates for 2014
[20]		 Change from previous year
[20]
1Steady Norway0.944Increase 0.002
2Steady Australia0.935Increase 0.002
3Steady  Switzerland0.930Increase 0.002
4Steady Denmark0.923Steady
5Steady Netherlands0.922Increase 0.002
6Steady Germany0.916Increase 0.001
6Increase (2) Ireland0.916Increase 0.004
8Decrease (1) United States0.915Increase 0.002
9Decrease (1) Canada0.913Increase 0.001
9Increase (1) New Zealand0.913Increase 0.002
11Decrease (2) Singapore0.912Increase 0.003
12Steady Hong Kong0.910Increase 0.002
13Steady Liechtenstein0.908Increase 0.001
14Steady Sweden0.907Increase 0.002
14Increase (1) United Kingdom0.907Increase 0.005
16Steady Iceland0.899Steady
17Steady South Korea0.898Increase 0.003
18Steady Israel0.894Increase 0.001
18Steady Macau0.894[21]
19Steady Luxembourg0.892Increase 0.002
20Decrease (1) Japan0.891Increase 0.001
21Steady Belgium0.890Increase 0.002
22Steady France0.888Increase 0.001
23Steady Austria0.885Increase 0.001
24Steady Finland0.883Increase 0.001
25Steady Taiwan0.882[22]
26Steady Slovenia0.880Increase 0.001
27Steady Spain0.876Increase 0.002
28Steady Italy0.873Steady
29Steady Czech Republic0.870Increase 0.002
30Steady Greece0.865Increase 0.002
31Steady Estonia0.861Increase 0.002
32Steady Brunei0.856Increase 0.004
33Steady Cyprus0.850Steady
33Increase (1) Qatar0.850Increase 0.001
34Steady Andorra0.845Increase 0.001
35Increase (1) Slovakia0.844Increase 0.005
36Decrease (1) Poland0.843Increase 0.003
37Steady Lithuania0.839Increase 0.002
37Steady Malta0.839Increase 0.002
39Steady Saudi Arabia0.837Increase 0.001
40Steady Argentina0.836Increase 0.003
41Decrease (1) United Arab Emirates0.835Increase 0.002
42Steady Chile0.832Increase 0.002
43Steady Portugal0.830Increase 0.002
44Steady Hungary0.828Increase 0.003
45Steady Bahrain0.824Increase 0.003
46Increase (1) Latvia0.819Increase 0.003
47Decrease (1) Croatia0.818Increase 0.001
48Decrease (1) Kuwait0.816Steady
49Steady Montenegro0.802Increase 0.001

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[17] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216).

  1.  Norway 0.893 (Steady)
  2.  Netherlands 0.861 (Increase 1)
  3.   Switzerland 0.861 (Increase 1)
  4.  Australia 0.858 (Decrease 2)
  5.  Denmark 0.856 (Increase 3)
  6.  Germany 0.853 (Decrease 1)
  7.  Iceland 0.846 (Decrease 1)
  8.  Sweden 0.846 (Decrease 1)
  9.  Ireland 0.836 (Increase 1)
  10.  Finland 0.834 (Increase 1)
  11.  Canada 0.832 (Decrease 2)
  12.  Slovenia 0.829 (Steady)
  13.  United Kingdom 0.829 (Increase 3)
  14.  Czech Republic 0.823 (Increase 1)
  15.  Luxembourg 0.822 (Decrease 1)
  16.  Belgium 0.820 (Increase 1)
  17.  Austria 0.816 (Decrease 4)
  18.  France 0.811 (Steady)
  19.  Slovakia 0.791 (Increase 2)
  20.  Estonia 0.782 (Increase 4)
  21.  Japan 0.780 (Decrease 1)
  22.  Israel 0.775 (Decrease 3)
  23.  Spain 0.775 (Decrease 1)
  24.  Italy 0.773 (Decrease 1)
  25.  Hungary 0.769 (Increase 2)
  26.  Malta 0.767 (Steady)
  27.  Poland 0.760 (Increase 2)
  28.  United States 0.760 (Steady)
  29.  Cyprus 0.758 (Increase 1)
  30.  Greece 0.758 (Decrease 5)
  31.  Lithuania 0.754 (Steady)
  32.  South Korea 0.751 (Increase 1)
  33.  Portugal 0.744 (Decrease 1)
  34.  Croatia 0.743 (Increase 1)
  35.  Belarus 0.741
  36.  Latvia 0.730

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

2014 Human Development Index

The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries or regions:[23][18][19]

  • Increase = increase.
  • Steady = steady.
  • Decrease = decrease.
  • The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country or region has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report.
Rank Country or Region HDI
New 2014 estimates for 2013
[24]		 Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report[24] New 2014 estimates for 2013
[24]		 Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report
[24]
1Steady Norway0.944Decrease 0.011
2Steady Australia0.933Increase 0.002
3Steady  Switzerland0.917Increase 0.001
4Steady Netherlands0.915Steady
5Steady United States0.914Increase 0.002
6Steady Germany0.911Steady
7Steady New Zealand0.910Increase 0.002
8Steady Canada0.902Increase 0.001
9Increase (3) Singapore0.901Increase 0.002
10Steady Denmark0.900Steady
11Decrease (3) Ireland0.899Decrease 0.017
12Decrease (1) Sweden0.898Increase 0.001
13Steady Iceland0.895Increase 0.002
14Steady United Kingdom0.892Increase 0.002
14Steady Macau0.892[21]
15Steady Hong Kong0.891Increase 0.002
15Increase (1) South Korea0.891Increase 0.003
17Decrease (1) Japan0.890Increase 0.002
18Decrease (2) Liechtenstein0.889Increase 0.001
19Steady Israel0.888Increase 0.002
20Steady France0.884Steady
21Steady Taiwan0.882[22]
22Steady Austria0.881Increase 0.001
22Steady Belgium0.881Increase 0.001
22Steady Luxembourg0.881Increase 0.001
23Steady Finland0.879Steady
24Steady Slovenia0.874Steady
25Steady Italy0.872Steady
26Steady Spain0.869Steady
27Steady Czech Republic0.861Steady
28Steady Greece0.853Decrease 0.001
29Steady Brunei0.852Steady
30Steady Qatar0.851Increase 0.001
31Steady Cyprus0.845Decrease 0.003
32Steady Estonia0.840Increase 0.001
33Steady Saudi Arabia0.836Increase 0.003
34Increase (1) Lithuania0.834Increase 0.003
34Decrease (1) Poland0.834Increase 0.001
35Steady Andorra0.830Steady
35Increase (1) Slovakia0.830Increase 0.001
36Steady Malta0.829Increase 0.002
37Steady United Arab Emirates0.827Increase 0.002
38Increase (1) Chile0.822Increase 0.003
38Steady Portugal0.822Steady
39Steady Hungary0.818Increase 0.001
40Steady Bahrain0.815Increase 0.002
40Steady Cuba0.815Increase 0.002
41Decrease (2) Kuwait0.814Increase 0.001
42Steady Croatia0.812Steady
43Steady Latvia0.810Increase 0.002
44Steady Argentina0.808Increase 0.002

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report:[23] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu.

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[23] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168).

  1.  Norway 0.891 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.860 (Steady)
  3.  Netherlands 0.854 (Increase 1)
  4.   Switzerland 0.847 (Increase 3)
  5.  Germany 0.846 (Steady)
  6.  Iceland 0.843 (Increase 2)
  7.  Sweden 0.840 (Decrease 4)
  8.  Denmark 0.838 (Increase 1)
  9.  Canada 0.833 (Increase 4)
  10.  Ireland 0.832 (Decrease 4)
  11.  Finland 0.830 (Steady)
  12.  Slovenia 0.824 (Decrease 2)
  13.  Austria 0.818 (Decrease 1)
  14.  Luxembourg 0.814 (Increase 3)
  15.  Czech Republic 0.813 (Decrease 1)
  16.  United Kingdom 0.812 (Increase 3)
  17.  Belgium 0.806 (Decrease 2)
  18.  France 0.804 (Steady)
  19.  Israel 0.793 (Increase 1)
  20.  Japan 0.779 (New)
  21.  Slovakia 0.778 (Increase 1)
  22.  Spain 0.775 (Decrease 2)
  23.  Italy 0.768 (Increase 1)
  24.  Estonia 0.767 (Increase 1)
  25.  Greece 0.762 (Increase 2)
  26.  Malta 0.760 (Decrease 3)
  27.  Hungary 0.757 (Decrease 1)
  28.  United States 0.755 (Decrease 12)
  29.  Poland 0.751 (Increase 1)
  30.  Cyprus 0.752 (Decrease 1)
  31.  Lithuania 0.746 (Increase 2)
  32.  Portugal 0.739 (Steady)
  33.  South Korea 0.736 (Decrease 5)
  34.  Latvia 0.725 (Increase 1)
  35.  Croatia 0.721 (Increase 4)
  36.  Argentina 0.680 (Increase 7)
  37.  Chile 0.661 (Increase 4)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

In each original HDI

The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.

Geographical coverage

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[25][26]

Country/region specific HDI lists

Criticism

HDI vs. ecological footprint

The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.[27]

Sources of data error

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[27]

In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[28] to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine[29] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population.[30]

See also

Indices

Other

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018 Statistical Update". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  2. ↑ "Human Development Index". Economic Times.
  3. 1 2 "The Human Development concept". UNDP. 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  4. ↑ The Courier. Commission of the European Communities. 1994.
  5. 1 2 "What is Human Development". UNDP. 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  6. ↑ "Human Development Report 2010". UNDP. 4 November 2010.
  7. ↑ "Technical notes" (PDF). UNDP. 2013.
  8. ↑ "New method of calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)". India Study Channel. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  9. ↑ Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010". NBER Working Paper No. 15902.
  10. ↑ (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
  11. ↑ Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site Archived 20 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. 1 2 "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  13. ↑ "Human Development Report 2018 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 32–35. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  14. ↑ "Report" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2018.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Human Development Report 2016—'Human Development for everyone'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  16. ↑ "Report" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Statistics" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2015.
  18. 1 2 The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.Macau in Figures, 2015
  19. 1 2 Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Human Development Report 2015—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  21. 1 2 The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. Macau in Figures, 2016
  22. 1 2 The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 "Data" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Human Development Report 2014—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  25. ↑ Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02.
  26. ↑ Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to data
  27. 1 2 Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal. 121 (553): 843–870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.
  28. ↑ "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments". The Economist. January 2011.
  29. ↑ "The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". 6 January 2011.
  30. ↑ Monni, Salvatore; Spaventa, Alessandro (2013). "Beyond Gdp and HDI: Shifting the focus from Paradigms to Politics". Development. 56 (2): 227–231. doi:10.1057/dev.2013.30.
  • Human Development Index
  • Human Development Tools and Rankings
  • "Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI" (PDF).  (5.54 MB)
  • New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’
  • An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach.
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