Development of the human brain

Highlights of Human brain development from conception through adulthood.[1]

Conception

Day Event Reference
33posterior commissure appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
33medial forebrain bundle appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
44mammillothalamic tract appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
44stria medullaris thalami appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
51axons in optic stalkDunlop et al. (1997)[3]
56external capsule appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
56stria terminalis appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
60optic axons invade visual centersDunlop et al. (1997)[3]
63internal capsule appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
63fornix appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
70anterior commissure appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
77hippocampal commissure appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
87.5corpus callosum appearsAshwell et al. (1996)[2]
157.5eye openingClancy et al. (2007)[4]
175ipsi/contra segregation in LGN and SCRobinson and Dreher (1990)[5]

Studies report that three primary structures are formed in the sixth gestational week. These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon respectively. Five secondary structures from these in the seventh gestational week. These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon which later become the lateral ventricles, third ventricles, aqueduct, and upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle from the telencephalon to the myelencephalon, during adulthood.[6] One of the most intriguing facts of human brains is the appearance of cortical folds which first takes place during 24 and 32 weeks of gestation.[7]

Childhood & adolescence

Cortical white matter increases from childhood (~9 years) to adolescence (~14 years), most notably in the frontal and parietal cortices.[8] Cortical grey matter development peaks at ~12 years of age in the frontal and parietal cortices, and 17 years in the temporal lobes (with the superior temporal cortex being last to mature) for women and they have reached full maturity at age 16-17. For men, they become fully mature at age 18. In terms of grey matter loss, the sensory and motor regions mature first, followed by other cortical regions.[8] Human brain maturation continues to around 20[9] to 25[10] years of age.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tau, G. Z.; Peterson, B. S. (2010). "Normal Development of Brain Circuits". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (1): 147–168. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.115. PMC 3055433. PMID 19794405.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ashwell, K. W.; Waite, P. M.; Marotte, L (1996). "Ontogeny of the projection tracts and commissural fibres in the forebrain of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii): timing in comparison with other mammals". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 47 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1159/000113225. PMID 8834781.
  3. 1 2 Dunlop, S. A.; Tee, L. B.; Lund, R. D.; Beazley, L. D. (1997). "Development of primary visual projections occurs entirely postnatally in the fat-tailed dunnart, a marsupial mouse, Sminthopsis crassicaudata". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 384 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970721)384:1<26::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 9214538.
  4. ↑ Clancy, B; Kersh, B; Hyde, J; Darlington, R. B.; Anand, K. J.; Finlay, B. L. (2007). "Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans". Neuroinformatics. 5 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1385/ni:5:1:79. PMID 17426354.
  5. ↑ Robinson, S. R.; Dreher, B (1990). "The visual pathways of eutherian mammals and marsupials develop according to a common timetable". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 36 (4): 177–195. doi:10.1159/000115306. PMID 2279233.
  6. ↑ Kim MS, Jeanty P, Turner C, Benoit B (January 2008). "Three-dimensional sonographic evaluations of embryonic brain development". J Ultrasound Med. 27 (1): 119–24. doi:10.7863/jum.2008.27.1.119. PMID 18096737.
  7. ↑ Budday, Silvia; Raybaud, Charles; Kuhl, Ellen (2014-01-01). "A mechanical model predicts morphological abnormalities in the developing human brain". Scientific Reports. 4: 5644. doi:10.1038/srep05644. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4090617. PMID 25008163.
  8. 1 2 Blakemore, S.J. (June 2012). "Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain". NeuroImage. 61 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080. PMID 22178817.
  9. ↑ Johnson SB, Blum RW, Giedd JN (2009). "Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy". J Adolesc Health. 45: 216–21. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016. PMC 2892678. PMID 19699416.
  10. ↑ Arain M, Haque M, Johal L, Mathur P, Nel W, Rais A, Sandhu R, Sharma S (2013). "Maturation of the adolescent brain". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 9: 449–61. doi:10.2147/NDT.S39776. PMC 3621648. PMID 23579318.
  • Translating Time — a website providing translation of brain developmental times among different species
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