Hoe-farming

Use of the digging stick for tillage in the Nuba Mountains, Southern Sudan (2001 photograph)

Hoe-farming is a term introuduced (as German: Hackbau) by Eduard Hahn in 1910 to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes. Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution. Early forms of the plough (ard) were introduced throughout the Near East (Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout Greater Persia and parts of Central Asia, reaching East Asia in the 2nd millennium BC (Chinese Bronze Age).[1]

The parts of the world where agriculture was introduced but not the plough (in the case of the New World up to the introduction of plough-farming with European colonisation) were named the hoe-cultivation belt (Hackbaugürtel) by Hahn (1914), followed by Werth (1954). The Hoe-cultivation belt is mostly located in tropical latitudes, including Sub-Saharan Africa (but not the Horn of Africa, where the plough appears to have been introduced via Egypt), the Indian subcontinent,[2] Maritime Southeast Asia, and the pre-Columbian Americas.[3]

Hoe-farming often coincides with long fallow systems and shifting cultivation, The split hoe, (also known as prong hoes, tined hoes or bent forks) are hoes that have two or more tines at right angles to the shaft. Their use is typically to loosen the soil, prior to planting or sowing. It points out that the ability to cultivate effectively at small row distances. Split hoeing, contrasted to permanent plough-based cultivation systems and the intensification of agriculture.[4] Hoe-farming may contain slash and burn clearance techniques, but they are not strictly necessary.[5] It is usually embedded in the logic of subsistence agriculture.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press (1974), p. 161. c.f. Robert Greenberger, The Technology of Ancient China (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2006), pp. 11–12.
  2. ↑ India is included in the hoe-cultivation belt by Werth (1954), and ploughing was unknown in India at the time of British colonisation in the 19th century (Julius Jeffreys, The British Army in India, 1858, p. 258), but indirect evidence for the use of the plough in South India around 800 BC has been described since, see: K. R. Krishna, Agroecosystems of South India: Nutrient Dynamics, Ecology and Productivity, 2010, p. 27.
  3. ↑ Fernand Braudel, S. Reynolds (trans.) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life, University of California Press (1982), p. 175.
  4. ↑ Pingali, Prabhu; Bigot, Yves; Binswanger, Hans P. (1987). Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (plain text). Baltimore • London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3502-X. : section “Introduction and Policy Overview”, pp. 1, 4 (see online)
  5. ↑ Kienzle 2003 (see online)
  • Eduard Hahn Niederer Ackerbau oder Hackbau? Globus 97, 1910, S. 202–204.
  • Eduard Hahn Von der Hacke zum Pflug. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig, 1914.
  • Eduard Hahn Die Haustiere und ihre Beziehungen zur Wirtschaft des Menschen (Leipzig, 1896).
  • Eduard Hahn: "Ackerbau". In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (ed. Johannes Hoops, Straßburg 1911–1919), vol. 1, 17.
  • Eduard Hahn: "Hackbau". In: Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte (ed. Max Ebert, Berlin, 1924–1932) vol. 5, 12-13.
  • Emil Werth: Grabstock, Hacke und Pflug. Ludwigsburg, 1954.
  • Ziller, Reinhart (1974). Der Pflug. Geschichtliche Entwicklung und praktische Anwendung [The plough. Historical development and practical application"] (PDF) (in German). Stuttgart. "
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