Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi

Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi (Arabic: هشام بن إسماعيل المخزومي‎) was an eighth century official for the Umayyad Caliphate, and the maternal grandfather of the caliph Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik. He served as the governor of Medina from 701 to 706.

Career

Hisham was a member of the Banu Makhzum, a clan of the Arab tribe of Quraysh, being a great-grandson of al-Walid ibn al-Mughirah. He himself gained prominence when his daughter 'A'ishah married the fifth Umayyad caliph 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705), and in 691 he became a grandfather to the future caliph Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743), who was reportedly named after him at 'A'ishah's insistence.[1]

In 701 Hisham was appointed as governor of Medina by his father-in-law.[2] During his time in that position he dismissed Nawfal ibn Musahiq al-'Amiri from the head of the judiciary and appointed 'Amr ibn Khalid al-Zuraqi in his stead,[3] and led the people of the city in rendering the oath of allegiance to 'Abd al-Malik's sons al-Walid and Sulayman. When the faqih Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab refused to give the oath, Hisham ordered him to be beaten and imprisoned, and subjected him to a mock execution by having him marched to a mountain pass where individuals would be killed and crucified.[4] He also led the pilgrimages of 703 and 704, and possibly those of 702/3 and 705 as well.[5]

Following the death of 'Abd al-Malik in 705, Hisham was initially confirmed as governor by his successor al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik (r. 705–715). The new caliph disliked Hisham, however, and in early 706 he dismissed him in favor of 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz. Al-Walid also instructed 'Umar to display Hisham in front of the people of Medina, as a form of humiliation for his conduct during his governorship, but Hisham was spared from further harm after both Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab and the 'Alid 'Ali ibn al-Husayn ordered their followers to refrain from acts of retaliation against him.[6]

Two of Hisham's sons, Ibrahim and Muhammad, later served as governors of Medina for Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik, but fell out of favor during the reign of Hisham's successor al-Walid ibn Yazid (r. 743–744) and were tortured to death by Yusuf ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafi in 743.[7] A third son, Khalid, participated in the failed rebellion of Sulayman ibn Hisham in 744 and was consequently executed by the caliph Marwan ibn Muhammad (r. 744–750).[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ Hinds 1991, pp. 138–39: Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 25: pp. 1-2; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 378–79; McMillan 2011, p. 92; Ibn Hazm 1982, p. 148.
  2. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 33-34; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 335; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 293; McMillan 2011, pp. 92–93; Ibn Hazm 1982, p. 148.
  3. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 33-34; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 296
  4. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 113-15; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 335; McMillan 2011, p. 103; Munt 2014, p. 91.
  5. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 71, 76, 115, 129-130; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 336, 349; Al-Mas'udi 1877, p. 59; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, pp. 289, 290, 291, 299, 311, 360; McMillan 2011, pp. 79, 95, 127.
  6. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 23: pp. 131-33; v. 39: p. 213; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 339; Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985, p. 311; McMillan 2011, pp. 103–04.
  7. ↑ Hinds 1991, p. 139.
  8. ↑ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 27: p. 21.

References

  • Hinds, M. (1991). "Makhzum". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Pellat, Ch. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–140. ISBN 90-04-08112-7.
  • Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa'id al-Andalusi (1982). Harun, 'Abd al-Salam Muhammad, ed. Jamharat Ansab al-'Arab (in Arabic) (5th ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.
  • Khalifah ibn Khayyat (1985). al-'Umari, Akram Diya', ed. Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed (in Arabic). Al-Riyadh: Dar Taybah.
  • Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husain (1877). Les Prairies D'Or, Tome Neuvième (in French). Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and Abel Pavet de Courteille. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
  • McMillan, M.E. (2011). The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam. London: Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-437-6.
  • Munt, Harry (2014). The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-04213-1.
  • Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub (1883). Houtsma, M. Th., ed. Historiae, Vol. 2 (in Arabic). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1985–2007). The History of al-Ṭabarī (40 vols). SUNY series in Near Eastern studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7249-1.
Preceded by
Aban ibn 'Uthman ibn 'Affan		 Governor of Medina
701–706		 Succeeded by
'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
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