H. R. Haldeman

H. R. Haldeman
4th White House Chief of Staff
In office
January 20, 1969 – April 30, 1973
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by James R. Jones (Appointments Secretary)
Succeeded by Alexander Haig
Personal details
Born Harry Robbins Haldeman
(1926-10-27)October 27, 1926
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died November 12, 1993(1993-11-12) (aged 67)
Santa Barbara, California, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Joanne Horton
Children 4
Education University of Redlands
University of Southern California
University of California, Los Angeles (BA)

Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman (October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman, best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon and his consequent involvement in the Watergate Affair.

Born in California, Haldeman would serve in the Navy Reserves in World War II and attend the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1949, he joined the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, where he worked for 20 years as a prominent advertising executive in both Los Angeles and New York City. He made a name for himself early in Los Angeles social circles from his work as Chairman of the UCLA Alumni Association and a member of the University of California Board of Regents.

A long family association with the Republican Party and his own interest drew Haldeman to politics and he became acquainted with Richard Nixon in the 1950s, for whom he developed both an intense respect and steadfast loyalty. He began as an advance man on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's reelection campaign in 1956, again worked as an advance man on Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign, and managed Nixon's 1962 run for Governor of California. When Nixon was elected President in 1968, he selected Haldeman as his Chief of Staff.

Haldeman is credited with implementing more significant changes to White House staffing systems and Executive Branch governance and operations than any Chief of Staff before him or since, and it is the "Haldeman system" that presidential administrations continue to operate on today. His intensity and no-nonsense management style earned him a reputation as a stern taskmaster who expected top-notch performance.[1]

After he left the Nixon administration in April 1973, Haldeman was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice for his role in the Watergate cover-up. He was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon his release, he returned to private life and was a successful businessman and real estate developer until his death from cancer in 1993 at the age of 67.

Early life and career

Haldeman was born in Los Angeles on October 27, 1926, one of three children of socially prominent parents. His father, Harry Francis Haldeman, founded and ran a successful heating and air conditioning supply company, and gave time and financial support to local Republican causes,[2] including the Richard Nixon financial fund that led to the so-called "Fund Crisis" during the 1952 presidential race. His mother, Katherine (née Robbins), was a longtime volunteer with the Salvation Army and other philanthropic organizations. His paternal grandfather, Harry Marston Haldeman, co-founded the Better American Federation of California, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, and a gentleman's club called The Uplifters.[2] Young Haldeman and his siblings were raised as Christian Scientists. Known to his peers as a "straight arrow", he sported his trademark flat-top haircut from his high school years, enjoyed discussions of ethics, and achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.[3] He attended Harvard School, during which time he met Joanne "Jo" Horton, a student at Marlborough School. They married in 1949.

During World War II he was in the Naval Reserve but did not see active combat. Haldeman attended the University of Redlands and the University of Southern California before transferring to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[4][5] He received his B.A. from UCLA in 1948, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity.[6] At UCLA, he met John Ehrlichman, who would become a close friend and colleague in the Nixon administration. In 1949, he joined the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, where he worked for 20 years in both Los Angeles and New York City;[7] other employees of this firm during this period included Ronald Ziegler, who went on to serve as White House Press Secretary in the Nixon administration.

A long family association with the Republican Party and his own interest drew Haldeman to politics and during this period he commenced working for Richard Nixon, for whom he developed both an intense respect and steadfast loyalty. Beginning as an advance man on Nixon's 1956 and 1960 campaigns, Haldeman managed Nixon's 1962 run for Governor of California and when Nixon was elected President in 1968, he chose Haldeman to be his Chief of Staff.

Career in the Nixon administration

When Haldeman's appointment to the White House was announced, Robert Rutland, a close personal friend and eminent presidential scholar, urged him to start keeping a daily diary recording the major events of each day and Haldeman's thoughts on them. Haldeman took this suggestion and started keeping and maintaining a daily diary throughout his entire career in the Nixon White House (January 18, 1969, to April 30, 1973). The full text of the diaries is almost 750,000 words, and an abridged version was published as The Haldeman Diaries after Haldeman's death. A full version is available to researchers at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.

Gaining a reputation as a stern taskmaster who expected top-notch work, he and John Ehrlichman were called "the Berlin Wall" by other White House staffers in a play on their German family names and shared penchant for keeping others away from Nixon and serving as his "gatekeepers." They became Nixon's most loyal and trusted aides during his presidency. Both were keen in protecting what they regarded as Nixon's best interests. He and the President were very close – Haldeman was even dubbed "the President's son-of-a-bitch" – and Nixon relied on him to filter information that came into his office and to make sure that information was properly dispensed.

Haldeman with Nixon at the Western White House – La Casa Pacifica, November 21, 1972

Role in Watergate

Haldeman was one of many key figures in the Watergate scandal. The unexplained 181/2 minute gap in Nixon's Oval Office recordings occurred during a discussion that included the President and Haldeman. Nixon requested the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman in what has been described as a long and emotional meeting at Camp David. Haldeman was fired and the resignations were announced on April 30, 1973. In a phone conversation shortly after the resignations, Nixon told Haldeman that he loved him like his brother.[8] On the eve of Nixon's resignation, Haldeman asked for a full pardon along with a full pardon of Vietnam War draft dodgers. He argued that pardoning the dodgers would take some of the heat off him. Nixon refused.

On January 1, 1975, Haldeman was convicted of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. He was sentenced to serve 2.5 to 8 years, subsequently commuted to 1 to 4 years. In Lompoc Federal Prison, Haldeman worked in the sewage treatment facility testing sewage. On December 20, 1978, after serving 18 months, Haldeman was released on parole.

"The Berlin Wall" of Ehrlichman and Haldeman on April 27, 1973, three days before they would be asked to resign

Later life

In his post-White House years, he went on to a successful career as a businessman, taking an interest in hotels, development, real estate, and chain restaurants in Florida, among other investments.

The Ends of Power

In 1978, Times Books published The Ends of Power, written by Haldeman with Joseph DiMona.[9] Haldeman said in the book that Nixon had initiated the break-in and had participated in the cover-up from the onset.[2] Reviewing The Ends of Power, Kirkus Reviews said: "H. R. Haldeman, as the world now knows, tells all and proves virtually nothing but the crumminess of everyone concerned in this glazed and wooden account of Watergate and after."[9]

Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman "Smoking Gun" Conversation June 23, 1972 Full Transcript

A passage in The Ends of Power has been claimed to support allegations linking Watergate to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[10][11]

The "Smoking Gun" tape revealed that Nixon instructed Haldeman to have the CIA pressure the FBI into dropping their Watergate investigation.[10] Nixon instructed him to tell the CIA that the investigation would "open up the whole Bay of Pigs thing again."[10][11] In his book, Haldeman wrote: "It seems that in all those references to the Bay of Pigs, he was actually referring to the Kennedy assassination."[10][11] He added that Nixon might have been reminding CIA Director Richard Helms that the CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro may have triggered the assassination of Kennedy.[11]

Oliver Stone's 1995 film Nixon, in which Haldeman was portrayed by James Woods, presents the scenario that Nixon attempted to use the CIA's hidden anti-Castro history to help cover up his own misdeeds during Watergate.[12][13] Stone credited the comments attributed to Haldeman in The Ends of Power as the source for his scenario.[12]

According to Chris Matthews, Haldeman denied writing those words and said the theory of events actually belonged to DiMona. Matthews reported that Haldeman said he had no idea of what Nixon meant by the "whole Bay of Pigs" comments.[12] Noting that Stone had implicated Nixon as having a role in planning a plot to kill Castro, Howard Rosenberg described it as "one of the most controversial themes of his movie".[13] A response by Nixon writers Steven Rivele and Christopher Wilkinson stated that DiMona, Haldeman's ghostwriter, had confirmed that it was Haldeman's conclusion that "the Bay of Pigs thing" was a code for the Kennedy assassination.[14]

Death

On November 12, 1993, after refusing medical treatment in accordance with his Christian Science beliefs, Haldeman died of abdominal cancer, at his home in Santa Barbara, California. He was survived by his wife of almost 45 years, the former Joanne Horton, and their four children — Susan, Harry (Hank), Peter, and Ann.[2] His remains were cremated and scattered at a site that has not been revealed.

Upon Haldeman's death, Richard Nixon said in a statement, "I have known Bob Haldeman to be a man of rare intelligence, strength, integrity and courage. He played an indispensable role in turbulent times as our Administration undertook a broad range of initiatives at home and abroad." White House diaries were released posthumously as The Haldeman Diaries in 1994.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Whipple, Chris (April 4, 2017). The Gatekeepers: How the White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency. New York: Crown. p. 37. ISBN 978-0804138246. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Severo, Richard (November 13, 1993). "H. R. Haldeman, Nixon Aide Who Had Central Role in Watergate, Is Dead at 67". New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  3. ↑ "H.R. (Bob) Haldeman (1926–1993)". The Watergate Files. Univ. of Texas. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  4. ↑ "California State Archives State Government Oral History Program – Oral History Interview with H. R. Haldeman" (PDF). sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  5. ↑ Warshaw, Shirley Anne (2013). Guide to the White House Staff. London: SAGE Publications. p. 298. ISBN 9781604266047.
  6. ↑ Snyder, James Thomas (Winter 1999). "Did Watergate Cover-Up Mindset Start With a Dead Dog at a UCLA Fraternity?" (PDF). California Historian. p. 12. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  7. ↑ Smith, J.Y. (November 13, 1993). "H.R. Haldeman Dies". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  8. ↑ "YouTube – NIXON TAPES: Nixon Drunk over Watergate (Haldeman)". Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  9. 1 2 Kirkus Reviews (March 10, 1978). "THE ENDS OF POWER". Kirkus Reviews. kirkusreviews.com.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dean, Karen Gai (2003). Peter, Knight, ed. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 542. ISBN 1-57607-812-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Hamburg, Eric (2002). "The Bay of Pigs Thing". JFK, Nixon, Oliver Stone, and Me: An Idealist's Journey from Capitol Hill to Hollywood Hell. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 79–82. ISBN 9781586480295. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 Matthews, Chris (December 7, 1995). "'Nixon' was based on a dubious quote". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  13. 1 2 Rosenberg, Howard (December 22, 1995). "'Nixon' Plays Its Share of Dirty Tricks on History". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  14. ↑ Rivele, Stephen J.; Wilkinson, Christopher (January 1, 1996). "Critic's Ploy to Review 'Nixon' Is the Only Dirty Trick". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

Further reading

  • Haldeman, H. R. (1994). The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-1-879371-86-6.
  • Haldeman, Joanne H. (2017). In The Shadow Of The White House. Vireo/Rare Bird. ISBN 9781945572081.
Political offices
Preceded by
James R. Jones
as White House Appointments Secretary		 White House Chief of Staff
1969–1973		 Succeeded by
Alexander Haig
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