Gundeshapur

Gundeshapur
Persian: گندی‌شاپور‎
Shown within Iran
Location Iran
Region Khuzestan Province
Coordinates 32°17′N 48°31′E / 32.283°N 48.517°E / 32.283; 48.517Coordinates: 32°17′N 48°31′E / 32.283°N 48.517°E / 32.283; 48.517

Gondēshāpūr was the intellectual centre of the Sassanid Empire and the home of the Academy of Gundishapur, founded by Sassanid king Shapur I. Gundeshapur was home to a teaching hospital and had a library and a centre of higher learning. It has been identified with extensive ruins south of Shahabad, a village 14 km south-east of Dezful, to the road for Shushtar, in the present-day province of Khuzestan, southwest Iran.

It is not an organised archaeological place as of today, and except for ruins, it is full of remainings like broken ceramics.

Despite the fame, recently, some scholars have called Gundeshapur's overall historical importance, specifically, the existence of its hospital, into question.[1]

Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher, educator and founder of anthroposophy, pointed out the role Gondishapur (or Gundishapur) played in world history.[2][3][4][5] In essence, Steiner saw the culture of Gondishapur as a premature efflorescence which was (necessarily) destroyed by the Islamic hordes in the 7th Century.

Name

The Middle Persian word Gondēšāpūr (or Gundēšāpūr) is a corrupted form. It may be from wandēw Šāpūr, means "acquired by Shapur",[6] or from Gund-dēz-i Shāpūr, means "military fortress of Shapur",[7] or from Weh-Andiyok-Shāpūr, "Better than Antioch of Shapur".

In Classical Syriac, the town was called ܒܝܬ ܠܦܛ Bēth Lapaṭ; in Greek Bendosabora; in Arabic: جنديسابور‎ Jundaysābūr; and in New Persian: گندی‌شاپور‎.

The Rise of Gundeshapur

Gundeshapur was one of the major cities in Khuzestan province of the Persian empire. Gundeshapur's administrative district included the neighboring towns of Susa and Mihrijanqadaq, the latter which was actually in a different province.[8] Most scholars believe Shāpur I, son of Ardeshir (Artaxexes), to have founded the city after defeating a Roman army led by Emperor Valerian. Gundeshapur was a garrison town and housed many Roman prisoners of war.

Shāpur I made Gundeshapur his capital. Shāpur's wife, the daughter of Aurelian, lived in the capital with him. She brought with her two Greek physicians who settled in the city and taught Hippocratic medicine.

In 489, the Nestorian theological and scientific center in Edessa was ordered closed by the Byzantine emperor Zeno, and transferred itself to become the School of Nisibis[9] or Nisibīn, then under Persian rule with its secular faculties at Gundeshapur, Khuzestan. Here, scholars, together with Pagan philosophers banished from Athens by Justinian in 529, carried out important research in medicine, astronomy, and mathematics".[10]

It was under the rule of the Sassanid monarch Khusraw I (531-579 CE), called Anushiravan "The Immortal" and known to the Greeks and Romans as Chosroes, that Gundeshapur became known for medicine and erudition. Khusraw I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers, Nestorian Assyrians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire.

The king commissioned the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac texts into Pahlavi. They translated various works on medicine, astronomy, astrology, philosophy, and useful crafts.

Anushiravan also turned towards the east, and sent the famous physician Borzouye to invite Indian and Chinese scholars to Gundeshapur. These visitors translated Indian texts on astronomy, astrology, mathematics and medicine and Chinese texts on herbal medicine and religion. Borzouye is said to have himself translated the still popular Indian Pañcatantra from Sanskrit into Persian as Kelile væ Demne.

Many Assyrians settled in Gundeshapur during the Fifth century. The Assyrians were most of all medical doctors from Urfa, which was during that time, home to the leading medical center.[11] Teaching in the Academy was done in Syriac until the city fell to Muslim Arab armies, which destroyed the city and places of learning.[12]

Gundeshapur under Muslim rule

The Sassanid dynasty fell to Muslim Arab armies in 638 CE. The academy survived the change of rulers and persisted for several centuries, by projecting itself as a Muslim institute of higher learning. In 832 CE, Caliph al-Ma'mūn founded the Baytu l-Hikma, the House of Wisdom. There the methods of Gundeshapur were emulated since the House of Wisdom was staffed with graduates of the older Academy of Gundeshapur who had been trained heavily in Indian and some Greek and Iranian medical traditions. It is believed that the House of Wisdom was disbanded under Al-Mutawakkil, Al-Ma'mūn's successor who felt learning conflicted with the information given in the Quran. In addition, the intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate had shifted to the Arab stronghold of Baghdad, as henceforth there are few references in contemporary literature to universities or hospitals at Gundeshapur.

Gundeshapur had been major link between Indian and some Greek medicine, because of its previous practices of combining the medical traditions, therefore the transition from earlier ancient civilisations to later Islamic appropriation was more coherent.[13]

Recent academic doubts

Some scholars have cast doubts on the existence of the hospital at Gundeshapur by claiming that there are no known surviving Persian sources "that would corroborate the claims that [Gundeshapur] played a crucial role in medical history".[14] It has been assumed that a medical center at Gundeshapur would have resembled the School of Nisibis. What is more likely is there existed a seminary, like the one in Nisibis, where medical texts were read, and an infirmary, where medicine was practiced.[15]

Additionally, Gundeshapur's reputation may have been conflated with that of Susa, a city to the west of Gundeshapur and with which Gundesahur was administratively linked. Ath-Tha 'ālibi, a scholar with access to Sassanian royal annals, says of pre-Islamic Persia: Thus, the people of [Susa] became the most skilled in medicine of the people of Ahwāz and Fārs because of their learning from the Indian doctor [who was brought to Susa by Shāhpur 1] and from the Greek prisoners who lied close to them; then [the medical knowledge] was handed down from generation to generation.[16] In the other hand, the same source might be another confirmation of the medical reputation of Gundeshapur as Susa may represent the whole local region which included Gundeshapur (as they were administratively linked). This is enforced by the fact that Ahwāz and Fārs, mentioned in the quote for comparison to Susa, were regions as well, an indication that regions were being compared.

See also

Further reading

  • Elgood, Cyril (1951). A Medical History of Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hau, Friedrun R. (1979). "Gondeschapur: eine Medizinschule aus dem 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr". Gesnerus. XXXVI: 98–115.
  • Piyrnia, Mansoureh. Salar Zanana Iran. Maryland: Mehran Iran Publishing, 1995.

Notes

  1. ↑ Dols (1987)
  2. ↑ "Anthroposophical Leading Thoughts: The Apparent Extinction of Spirit-Knowledge in Modern Times". wn.rsarchive.org. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  3. ↑ "Academy of Gondishapur, The - SCHOEFFLER, HERBERT". www.rudolfsteinerbookcentre.com.au. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  4. ↑ Sease, Virginia; Schmidt-Brabant, Manfred (2003-01-01). Paths of the Christian Mysteries: From Compostela to the New World. Temple Lodge Publishing. ISBN 9781902636436.
  5. ↑ "Aspects of the Occult Significance of the Year 1998 | threeman.org". threeman.org. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  6. ↑ "Gondēshāpūr" in Encyclopaedia of Islam
  7. ↑ "GONDĒŠĀPUR" in Encyclopædia Iranica
  8. ↑ Frye (1975a), pp. 10–11
  9. ↑ University of Tehran Overview/Historical Events Archived 2011-02-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Hill (1993), p. 4
  11. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  12. ↑ Frye (1975b), p. 397
  13. ↑ Frye (1975b), pp. 388–389
  14. ↑ Dols (1987), p. 369
  15. ↑ Dols (1987), p. 377
  16. ↑ Dols (1987), p. 378

References

  • Dols, Michael W. (1987). "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 61: 367–391.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1975a). The Golden Age of Persia. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson, ed. (1975b). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hill, Donald (1993). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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