Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit

Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit
Painted portrait of Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit in 1866
Portrait of Don Guillem in 1866
In office
28 May 1866 – 31 December 1867
Co-prince Josep Caixal i Estradé
Co-prince Napoleon III
Personal details
Born (1822-02-19)19 February 1822
La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain
Died 23 February 1876(1876-02-23) (aged 54)
Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France
Nationality Andorran
Spouse(s)
  • Maria Dolors de Parella (m. 1841)
  • Carolina de Plandolit (m. 1855)
Civil orders

Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit (19 February 1822 – 23 February 1876), was an Andorran nobleman and politician who led the Andorran New Reform.

His ancestral home is the Casa d'Areny-Plandolit. Built in 1633, it was turned into a museum in 1986 after years of renovation. It is registered with the Cultural Heritage of Andorra organization because of its important historic value.

Early life

Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit was born on 19 February 1822 in La Seu d'Urgell in the Catalan Pyrenees, close to the Principality of Andorra. He was the only son of Josep Plandolit Targarona and Maria Rosa Areny.[1][2] He belonged to one of the most prominent Catalan families at the time, with a long industrial and commercial background that traces its origins back to the 17th century.[3]

His mother died nine months after his birth, in September. Afterward, Josep and his son moved to Andorra, settling in Ordino where he eventually remarried. Josep died on 17 July 1843 aged 55 at the family estate after a long illness.[4]

In 1841, at the age of 19, Areny-Plandolit married Maria Dolors Parella, Baroness of Senaller.[5] They had seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood.[4]

Wife's murder

Tragedy struck on 19 June 1855, when his first wife was murdered at the age of 30 in Barcelona, where the family had property they frequently visited. Her attacker, Blas Durana Atauri, stabbed her 13 times in a carefully premeditated attack.[6] The crime became well-known in 19th-century Barcelona and shocked the public at the time because of the status and personality of those involved and also for its bizarre aftermath.[7][8]

Durana was an infantry colonel in the Spanish Army and was stationed in Barcelona at the time. He frequently attended social gatherings where he attempted to climb the social ladder and court women. He soon caught wind of the Baroness and fell deeply in love with her. Parella initially welcomed and tolerated his compliments, but became alarmed when Durana began appearing at an increasing amount of the same gatherings, apparently not letting up.[9]

After complaining to her husband, Areny-Plandolit was annoyed enough to ask his friend, Captain General of Catalonia Juan Zapatero y Navas, for help. Zapatero agreed to redeploy Durana to Lugo in Galicia to mend the situation.[5] Durana was able to continue his amorous siege by making up excuses and taking advantage of every opportunity to return to Barcelona, apparently still motivated by love. Fueled by frustration and envy, this feeling eventually turned into hatred. Desperate and embittered, he decided to kill Parella.[8]

Areny-Plandolit c. 1866

Durana had spent the day of the attack carefully observing the Areny-Plandolit and Parella property, hiding in an alleyway on the opposite street. He attacked the Baroness at dusk when she finally came out of the house in order to visit a theater; she died within twenty minutes.[10] As he did not attempt to flee, he was quickly captured by a local militia to whom he quickly identified himself and triumphantly admitted his crime.[10]

Durana's lawyer tried to argue that mental instability was to blame and referred to past incidents to prove this claim.[11] However, he was quickly convicted and sentenced to be executed by garrotte.[12] Although Durana remained calm and composed during the sentencing, the method of execution came unexpectedly since he had expected to be put in front of a firing squad, something more befitting a colonel. His request to change the method of execution was denied.[7][13]

Durana committed suicide on the eve of the execution by means of mercuric cyanide, likely smuggled in by an army comrade on an earlier visit to him in prison.[5][14] Rumors had been going around that the trial had been a farce and that the colonel, as a result of his rank, would somehow be allowed to escape his fate. As a result, a large crowd had gathered on the morning of the execution to witness the event. To avoid a riot, authorities wheeled out his dead body and went through the motions of the execution; essentially executing his corpse.[8][15][16]

Areny-Plandolit was not present at the burial of his first wife and appears not to have mourned for long, if at all.[5] He remarried a little more than three months later, to Carolina de Plandolit, his cousin.[17] They had ten children.[4]

New Reform

A picture of the Plan of the New Reform of Andorra in a glass box in a museum
Plan of the New Reform of Andorra

Andorra in the mid-19th century was a country in an economic crisis. Areny-Plandolit led the reforms to replace the aristocratic and oligarchical that previously ruled the state. The political system was largely governed based on the privileges of a small social group formed of traditional wealthy Andorran families, to whom his family also belonged. This type of oligarchical governance made it possible for them to control all the decisions made by the General Council of the Valleys, and to manage public resources as they pleased.[18]

With a total estimated population of only 4,000 residents, whose economic power was growing and eventually even surpassing that of the original wealthy families, more and more voices were demanding social and political changes. The General Council reacted with a steady refusal and inaction. This led to a group of reformists led by Areny-Plandolit to organize meetings in order to discuss the best way to bring about reform.[19]

On 22 April 1866 The New Reform (Catalan: Nova Reforma) was decreed by the Episcopal Co-Prince, Bishop Josep Caixal i Estradé, and established the basis of the constitution and symbols (such as the tricolor flag) of Andorra. It was ratified three years later by Napoleon III.[20]

The reforms had several effects. Most importantly, it gave every citizen of the country the right to vote. It also promised regular elections; in this case twelve of the twenty-four councilors were to be elected every two years, with a maximum post length of four years. There was also the creation of the position of town commissioner in order to control public spending and put a halt to the waste of resources.[2]

After producing the official document listing the reforms in May 1866, Areny-Plandolit was elected First Syndic of the General Council, a position akin to speaker.[2][21]

To name the authorities constituting the Common, all the voters of each parish shall have a right to vote. To name the four members of the General Council, all of the voters of each parish shall also have the right to vote.[22]

— Excerpt from the Plan of the New Reform

Civil orders

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

  • Albert i Corp, E. (1988). Don Guillem d'Areny i de Plandolit: baró de Senaller i de Gramenet (in Catalan). Andorra la Vella: Editorial Andorra. ISBN 9789991312033.
  • d'Areny-Plandolit, G. (31 May 1866). "Plan of Reform Adopted in the Valleys of Andorra". World Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  • Armengol Aleix, E. (2009). Andorra: un profund i llarg viatge (in Catalan). Andorra: Government of Andorra. ISBN 9789992005491.
  • Blanche, A. (1862). Prisiones de Europa: Primera Obra de Esta Clase en Espana, y la Mas Completa de las Publicadas en Europa (in Spanish). Barcelona: I. Lopez Bernagosi. ISBN 9780428182748.
  • Bofarull i Terrades, M. (2002). Crims i misteris de la Barcelona del segle XIX (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau. ISBN 9788423206438.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Andorra". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Codina, O.; et al. (2006). The Areny-Plandolit House. From manor house to noble residence (PDF). Andorra la Vella: Govern d’Andorra, Ministeri d’Afers Exteriors, Cultura i Cooperació, Àrea de Recerca Històrica. ISBN 9992004339.
  • Guillamet Anton, J. (2009). Andorra: nova aproximació a la història d'Andorra (in Catalan). Andorra: Revista Altaïr. ISBN 9788493622046.
  • Obiols i Perearnau, L.; Miró i Tuset, C. (2014). "Batlles, veguers i síndics" (in Catalan). Andorra: Societat Andoranna de Cièncie. doi:10.2436/15.8060.02.1. ISBN 9789992061190.
  • Pallarès-Personat, J. (2007). Víctimes i botxins: atemptats i violència política a Catalunya (in Catalan). Barcelona: Dux. ISBN 9788493593315.
  • Peruga Guerrero, J. (1998). La crisi de la societat tradicional (S. XIX) (in Catalan). Andorra: Segona Ensenyança. ISBN 9789992001868.

Newspapers

  • Olmos, M. (6 July 2015). "Solo se muere dos veces". El Correo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Pol, A. (26 January 2016). "150 anys de la (nova) Reforma". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Catalan). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  • Pons, M. (22 April 2018). "Andorra promulga la Nova Reforma". El Nacional (in Catalan). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Theros, X. (12 August 2012). "Ejecutar a un muerto: La baronesa María Dolores Parrella murió tras recibir 13 cuchilladas en 1855". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2018.

Online sources

  • Bacquer, J. (1998). "A Famous Andorran". The Andorran Philatelic Study Circle. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Cahoon, B. "Worldstatesmen: Andorra". Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  • "Guillem de Plandolit i d'Areny". Great Catalan Encyclopedia (in Catalan). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Miró i Solà, L. (4 November 2016). "L'Assassinat De La Baronessa De Senaller (1855). L'Honor Dels Poderosos, L'Envejós Social I El Relat Romàntic". El Segle XIX a Catalunya (in Catalan). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Pérez, S. (24 February 2017). "Pau Xavier d'Areny-Plandolit, fundador del primer museo de Andorra". Taxidermidades (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Schemmel, B. (2006). "Countries An-Az". Rulers.org. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
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