Ebbo Gospels
The Ebbo Gospels (Épernay, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 1) is an early Carolingian illuminated Gospel book known for an unusual, energetic style of illustration. The book was produced in the ninth century at the Benedictine Abbaye Saint-Pierre d’Hautvillers.
Ebbo, Archbishop of Rheims
The Gospel book contains a poem to Ebbo (also spelled Ebo), and so is dated within the time he was archbishop, usually to the period c. 816-835 before he was deposed. Ebbo also held Rheims from 840-841 and the Gospel book may have been made for his return (Chazelle, 1074). This gospel book and related works had a direct influence on Carolingian art and the course of medieval art (Berenson, 165).
Style
Each page is 10 in by 8 in. The illustration has its roots in late classical painting. Landscape is represented in the illusionistic style of late classical painting. Greek artists fleeing the Byzantine iconoclasm of the 8th century brought this style to Aachen and Reims (Berenson, 163).
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The vibrant emotionalism, however, was new to Carolingian art and also distinguishes the Ebbo Gospels from classical art. Figures in the Ebbo Gospels are represented in nervous, agitated poses. The illustration uses an energetic, streaky style with swift brush strokes. The style directly influenced manuscript illumination for decades, as the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram bears witness (Calkins, 211). The Utrecht Psalter is the most famous example of this school (Berenson, 163).
Commentators have noted the similarity between the Utrecht Psalter and the Ebbo Gospels. The evangelist portrait of Matthew in the Ebbo Gospels is similar to the illustration of the psalmist in the first psalm of the Utrecht Psalter (Benson, 23; Chazelle, 1073). Other images in the Ebbo Gospels appear to be based on distortions of drawings which may have been from the Utrecht Psalter (Chazelle 1074). According to Goldschmidt (cited in Benson, 23):
| “ | In short, we find not one thing, whether it is a stool with a lion's head and claws, or an inkwell, whether it is the lance or the arrow of the warrior, the lions, the birds, the buildings, the figures, and the gestures that cannot be paralleled to the smallest detail in style as well as in content, in the Utrecht Psalter. | ” |
References
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- Robert G. Calkins (1983). Illuminated books of the middle ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9377-3.
- Celia Chazelle (October 1997). "Archbishops Ebo and Hincmar of Reims and the Utrecht Psalter". Speculum. Speculum, Vol. 72, No. 4. 72 (4): 1055–1077. doi:10.2307/2865958. JSTOR 2865958.
- Gertrude R. Benson (March 1931). "New light on the origin of the Utrecht Psalter". The Art Bulletin. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 1. 13 (1): 13–79. JSTOR 3045474.
- Ruth Berenson (Winter 1966–1967). "The Exhibition of Carolingian art at Aachen". Art Journal. Art Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2. 26 (2): 160–165. doi:10.2307/775040. JSTOR 775040.
- Ross, Nancy, Carolingian Art, Smarthistory, undated