Pituophis
| Pituophis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| San Diego gopher snake Pituophis catenifer annectens | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Subfamily: | Colubrinae |
| Genus: | Pituophis Holbrook, 1842 |
| Synonyms | |
|
Arizona, Churchilla, Coluber, Elaphis, Epiglottophis, Pityophis, Rhinechis, Spilotes[1] | |
Pituophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as gopher snakes, pine snakes, and bull snakes, which are endemic to North America.
Geographic range
Species and subspecies within the genus Pituophis are found throughout Mexico, the Southern and Western United States, and Western Canada.[2]
Description
All species of Pituophis are large and powerfully built. The head is relatively small in proportion to the body, and it is only slightly distinct from the neck. The rostral is enlarged and elongated, imparting a characteristic somewhat pointed shape to the head. All the species occurring in the United States have four prefrontals instead of the usual two.[2]
Modified epiglottis
In all snakes of the genus Pituophis the epiglottis is peculiarly modified so that it is thin, erect, and flexible. When a stream of air is forced from the trachea, the epiglottis vibrates, thereby producing the peculiarly loud, hoarse hissing for which bull snakes, gopher snakes, and pine snakes are well known.[3]
Species
- P. catenifer (Blainville, 1835) – gopher snake
- P. c. affinis (Hallowell, 1852) – Sonoran gopher snake
- P. c. annectens Baird & Girard, 1853 – San Diego gopher snake
- P. c. bimaris Klauber, 1946 – central Baja California gopher snake
- P. c. catenifer (Blainville, 1835) – Pacific gopher snake
- P. c. coronalis Klauber, 1946 – Coronado Island gopher snake
- P. c. deserticola Stejneger, 1893 – Great Basin gopher snake
- P. c. fulginatus Klauber, 1946 – San Martin Island gopher snake
- P. c. pumilis Klauber, 1946 – Santa Cruz gopher snake
- P. c. sayi (Schlegel, 1837) – bull snake
- P. deppei (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) – Mexican pine snake
- P. d. deppei (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) – Mexican pine snake
- P. d. jani (Cope, 1861) – northern Mexican pine snake
- P. insulanus Klauber, 1946 – Credos Island gopher snake
- P. lineaticollis (Cope, 1861) – Middle American gopher snake
- P. l. gibsoni Stuart, 1954
- P. l. lineaticollis (Cope, 1861)
- P. melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) – pine snake
- P. m. lodingi Blanchard, 1924 – black pine snake
- P. m. melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803) – northern pine snake
- P. m. mugitus Barbour, 1921 – Florida pine snake
- P. ruthveni Stull, 1929 – Louisiana pine snake
- P. vertibralis (Blainville, 1835) – cape gopher snake
References
- ↑ Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Pituophis, pp. 585–626, Figures 171–181, Map 46).
- 1 2 Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Genus Pituophis, pp. 198–201 + Plate 27 + figure 57 + Map 147).
- ↑ Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Genus Pituophis, pp. 158–160).
Further reading
- Holbrook JE (1842). North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 138 pp., 35 plates. (Genus Pituophis, p. 7).
External links
- Genus Pituophis at The Reptile Database
- Accounts of four subspecies, P. deppei deppei, P. deppei jani, P. lineaticollis lineaticollis, and P. lineaticollis gibsoni, are given in Duellman WE (1960). "A Taxonomic Study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei ". University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 10: 599–610.
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