Goal kick

Saint-Étienne goalkeeper Méline Gérard takes a goal kick.

A goal kick, called a goalie kick in some regions, is a method of restarting play in a game of association football. Its procedure is dictated by Law 16 of the Laws of the Game.[1]

Award

A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball goes out of the field of play by crossing, either on the ground or in the air, the goal line, without a goal being scored, when the last person to touch the ball was from the attacking team. If the last person to touch the ball was a member of the defending side, a corner kick is instead awarded to the attackers.

A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is struck directly into the goal by the attacking team from an indirect free kick or from the first touch following a properly taken dropped-ball[n 1].

Procedure

  • The ball is initially placed anywhere within the defending goal area (also known as the six-yard box). All opposing players must be outside the penalty area until the ball is in play. The ball must be kicked (a goalkeeper may not pick up the ball).
  • The ball becomes in play as soon as it leaves the penalty area – if any player makes contact with the ball before it becomes in play the kick is retaken. If the ball fails to leave the penalty area (or goes out of play before it leaves the penalty area) the kick is retaken.
  • A goal can be scored directly from a goal kick against the opposing team. An own goal cannot be scored from a goal kick; in the highly unlikely circumstance that the ball happens to land directly into the kicker's own goal after going into play beyond the penalty area (e.g. because of high winds), a corner kick is awarded.
Note: A player may not be penalised for offside directly from a goal kick.[3]

Goal kicks are most often taken by goalkeepers, however this is not compulsory under the laws of the game.

Infringements

Opposing players must retain the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so promptly so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card). If an opposing player enters the penalty area before the ball is in play, the goal kick may be retaken.

If any player touches the ball after it is kicked, but before it is in play (i.e. before the whole of the ball has left the penalty area), the goal kick is retaken. It is an infringement for the kicker to touch the ball a second time once the ball is in play (i.e. when it has left the penalty area), before it has been touched by another player – this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the opposing team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, which is punished by a direct free kick for the opposing team.[4]

History

Before 1863

Analogues of the goal kick are found in earlier codes of football. The first published set of rules for any code of football, that of Rugby School (1845), featured a "kick out" from ten yards or twenty-five yards after a team touched the ball down in its own goal area.[5] This was the ancestor of the 22-metre drop out in modern rugby union. A similar 25-yard "kick out" is found in the first version of the Sheffield rules (1858). [6] The Cambridge rules of 1856 provided for a kick-out from "not more than ten paces",[7] while the Melbourne Football Club rules of 1859 stipulated a 20-yard "kick off".[8] Published laws of the Eton field game (1857) and Harrow football (1858), meanwhile, provided for a defensive kick-off from the goal-line itself whenever the ball went behind the goal without the attacking team scoring.[9][10]

The 1863 FA rules

The original FA rules of 1863 defined the "free kick from the goal line", the ancestor of the goal-kick, thus:[11]

In case the ball goes behind the goal line, if a player on the side to whom the goal belongs first touches the ball, one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick from the goal line at the point opposite the place where the ball shall be touched. If a player of the opposite side first touches the ball, one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick (but at the goal only) from a point 15 yards from the goal line opposite the place where the ball is touched. The opposing side shall stand behind their goal line until he has had his kick.

There are several differences between this "free kick from the goal line" and the modern goal-kick:

  • It was awarded when the defensive team was the first to touch the ball down after it had crossed the goal-line. This contrasts with modern association football, which awards the goal-kick against the last team to touch the ball before it went out of play.
  • It was taken from the goal line itself.
  • It was taken in line with the spot where the ball was touched down.

It was not possible for a player to be offside from such a kick, a feature of the laws that has remained constant to the present day.

Early developments (1863-1873)

In 1866, the law was changed to award a goal-kick to the defending team regardless of which team touched the ball. (If the attacking team touched the ball down, it was awarded a "touch down", which served as a tie-breaker if the match ended level on goals; however the defending team was still awarded a goal-kick).[12] In 1867, following an amendment proposed by Wanderers FC, the law was simplified; both the requirement for a touch-down, and the short-lived "touch-down" tiebreaker, were completely removed from the laws. The goal-kick could now be taken from any point "within six yards from the limit of [the] goal", and the opponents were forbidden from approaching within six yards of the ball.[13]

In 1872, the law was changed by the introduction of the corner-kick from Sheffield rules football. Under this 1872 law, a goal-kick could be awarded only when the ball was kicked directly over the crossbar of goal by either side. (When the ball was kicked to the side of the goal, a corner-kick was awarded, to either the attacking or defensive side).[14]

This law was rewritten the next year (1873) on the basis of a proposal by Great Marlow FC: a goal kick was awarded when the ball was kicked out of play over the goal-line by the attacking side. The kick had to be taken from within six yards of the nearest goal post.[15] The 1873 law ran:

When the ball is kicked behind the goal-line by one of the opposite side, it shall be kicked off by any one of the players behind whose goal line it went, within six yards of the nearest goal post; but if kicked behind by any one of the side whose goal line it is, a player of the opposite side shall kick it from the nearest corner flag-post. In either case no other player shall be allowed within six yards of the ball until kicked off.

Subsequent changes

In 1890, the phrase "goal-kick" appeared in the text of the laws for the first time. The player taking the goal-kick was forbidden from kicking the ball again until it had been played by another player. It was also forbidden to score a goal directly from a goal-kick.[16] This latter prohibition would be partly reversed in 1997, when it was permitted to score a goal directly from a goal-kick, but only against the opposing team.[17][18][19]

In 1891, pitch markings were added to define the six-yard radius from each goal-post. [20] In 1902, the term "goal area" was introduced for the place from which the goal kick was taken; it assumed its modern dimensions as a rectangle extending six yards from each goal post. The goal-kick had to be taken from the half of the goal area nearest to the spot where the ball went out of play.[21] This requirement was removed in 1992, when it was permitted to take the goal-kick from any point within the goal-area.[17]

In 1914, the distance opponents were required to retreat was increased from six yards to ten yards[22] (though the Football Association enforced this change one year earlier, in 1913).[23] In 1948, opponents were required to be completely outside the penalty area when the goal-kick was taken.[24]

In 1936, after a proposal by the Scottish Football Association, a new restriction was added: it was specified that the goal-kick has to put the ball into play beyond the penalty area; if the ball does not leave the penalty area, the kick has to be retaken. The goalkeeper was also explicitly forbidden from "receiv[ing] the ball into his hands from a goal-kick in order that he may thereafter kick it into play".[25]

Amadeo Carrizo has been cited as the first goalkeeper to recognize the importance of the goal kick as a method of launching an attack.[26]

Summary

This table describes all free kicks awarded to the defending team after the ball goes out of play over the goal line, including the defensive corner kick from the 1872 laws.

Date Awarded when Location Minimum distance required (oppponents) Ball must leave penalty area Kicker may play ball again before it is touched by another player Attacking goal may be scored Own goal may be scored Player may be offside
1863 Ball first touched by a defender after going out of play From the goal-line, in line with the place where the ball was touched down None No Yes Yes Yes No
1866 In all cases
1867 Within 6 yards of "the limit of the goal" 6 yards
1872 Ball goes directly above the crossbar

OR

Ball last touched by an attacker before going out of play

 Within 6 yards of "the limit of the goal" (if ball went directly above the crossbar)

From the corner-flag nearest the point where the ball went out of play (otherwise)

1873 Ball last touched by an attacker before going out of play Within 6 yards of the goal post nearest the point where the ball went out of play
1890 No No No
1902 The half of the goal area nearest the point where the ball went out of play
1914 10 yards
1936 Yes
1948 Must be outside the penalty area
1992 Anywhere within the goal area
1997 Yes

Notes

  1. ↑ This was added to the Laws of the Game in 2012 in order to prevent goals from being scored directly from "uncontested" dropped balls[2].

References

  1. ↑ "FIFA.com – The Laws of the Game – Law 16: The Goal-Kick". FIFA. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  2. ↑ LOTG 8.2; FIFA Circular 1302 p.3
  3. ↑ LAWS OF THE GAME 2015/2016 (PDF). FIFA. p. 36. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  4. ↑ "Law 16 – The Goal Kick". FIFA. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  5. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845). Wikisource.
  6. ↑ Wikisource link to Sheffield Rules (1858). Wikisource.
  7. ↑ Wikisource link to Cambridge Rules (1856). Wikisource.
  8. ↑ Wikisource link to Rules of Melbourne Football Club (1859). Wikisource.
  9. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Eton Field Game (1857). Wikisource.
  10. ↑ Wikisource link to Rules of Harrow Football (1858). Wikisource.
  11. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1863). Wikisource.
  12. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1866). Wikisource.
  13. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1867). Wikisource.
  14. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1872). Wikisource.
  15. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1873). Wikisource.
  16. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1890). Wikisource.
  17. 1 2 "History of the Laws of the Game - 1990-2000". Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  18. ↑ "Starts and restarts of play". Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  19. ↑ "International Football Assocation Board: 1997 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 139. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  20. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1891). Wikisource.
  21. ↑ Wikisource link to Laws of the Game (1902). Wikisource.
  22. ↑ "International Football Assocation Board: 1914 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "The New Free Kick Law". The Athletic News and Cyclists' Journal (1984): 1. 1913-10-06.
  24. ↑ "International Football Assocation Board: 1948 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (pdf). Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  25. ↑ "Lantern" (1936-08-29). "Linesmen Must Be More Attentive". Sports Argus. Birmingham (2006): 6.
  26. ↑ "Amadeo Carrizo: The Man Who Redefined Goalkeeping". 18 December 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
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