Hedgehog space

A hedgehog space with a large but finite number of spokes

In mathematics, a hedgehog space is a topological space, consisting of a set of spines joined at a point.

For any cardinal number , the -hedgehog space is formed by taking the disjoint union of real unit intervals identified at the origin (though its topology is not the quotient topology, but that defined by the metric below). Each unit interval is referred to as one of the hedgehog's spines. A -hedgehog space is sometimes called a hedgehog space of spininess .

The hedgehog space is a metric space, when endowed with the hedgehog metric if and lie in the same spine, and by if and lie in different spines. Although their disjoint union makes the origins of the intervals distinct, the metric identifies them by assigning them 0 distance.

Hedgehog spaces are examples of real trees.[1]

Paris metric

The metric on the plane in which the distance between any two points is their Euclidean distance when the two points belong to a ray though the origin, and is otherwise the sum of the distances of the two points from the origin, is sometimes called the Paris metric[1] because navigation in this metric resembles that in the radial street plan of Paris: for almost all pairs of points, the shortest path passes through the center. The Paris metric, restricted to the unit disk, is a hedgehog space where K is the cardinality of the continuum.

Kowalsky's theorem

Kowalsky's theorem, named after Hans-Joachim Kowalsky,[2] states that any metrizable space of weight can be represented as a topological subspace of the product of countably many -hedgehog spaces.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Carlisle (2007).
  2. ↑ Kowalsky (1961); Swardson (1979).

References

  • Arkhangelskii, A. V.; Pontryagin, L. S. (1990), General Topology I, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-18178-4 .
  • Carlisle, Sylvia (2007), "Model Theory of Real Trees", Graduate Student Conference in Logic, Univ. of Illinois, Chicago .
  • Kowalsky, H. J. (1961), Topologische Räume, Basel-Stuttgart: Birkhäuser .
  • Steen, L. A.; Seebach, J. A., Jr. (1970), Counterexamples in Topology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
  • Swardson, M. A. (1979), "A short proof of Kowalsky's hedgehog theorem", Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 75 (1): 188, doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1979-0529240-7 .
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