Felix Z. Longoria Jr.

Felix Z. Longoria
Pvt. Felix Z. Longoria Jr.
Born April 16, 1920
Three Rivers, Texas
Died June 1945 (aged 24–25)
Philippines
Buried Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Rank Private
Battles/wars World War II
Awards Purple Heart
Combat Infantryman Badge

Private Felix Z. Longoria (1920 – June 1945), was a Mexican-American soldier, who served in the United States Army, and died during World War II and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery after a dispute over his funerary arrangements.

Background

Killed during the war, in the Philippines in 1945, his body was not returned to his family until 1949. Upon receiving the body, his family attempted to bury him at the local segregated cemetery,[1] but the only funeral home in town denied wake services since Felix was Mexican American. The G.I. Forum fought against the injustice and he was eventually buried in Arlington National Cemetery near Washington D.C.[2]

Personal

Born and raised in Three Rivers, Texas, Felix Longoria moved to Corpus Christi, TX with his wife in search of work.[3] Working there as a truck driver and having a four-year-old daughter, Felix nonetheless, enlisted in the US Army.[4]

In November 1944, Longoria enlisted in the army and, in late April 1945, shipped out from Fort Ord, CA to the 27th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division, then located in Luzon in the Philippines. He arrived on Luzon Island around June 1, 1945.[5][4] The platoon was ambushed by hidden Japanese machine gunner within two weeks of landing and Longoria was among those killed. His remains were not recovered and identified until 1949. Once identified, arrangements were made to returned them to the United States.[6]

Social climate

In Texas during the 1940s, as in other parts of the country, Mexican Americans were considered non-white.[7] Segregation of Mexican American children in schools and employment discrimination against Mexican American workers was pervasive in the Southwestern United States.[8] The town of Three Rivers, Texas was no exception with the section nearest the river and west of the railroad setup for Mexican Americans to live in segregation (see referenced map, the streets west of the rail lines have names in Spanish).[9]

Generally Mexican-American World War II servicemen were integrated into regular military units but some served in segregated Mexican American units such as Company C, 141st Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard.[10]

The Felix Longoria Affair

The soldier's widow tried to make arrangements with the director of the funeral home in Three Rivers to wake his remains at the funeral home. Tom Kennedy, the funeral home director, would not allow Longoria's remains to lie in state in the chapel because he was a "Mexican"[11] and because "the whites would not like it." He repeated this sentiment in phone conversations with Dr. Garcia and reporter, George Groh, of the Corpus Christi Caller.[12][13] Kennedy was willing to set up a wake at the Longoria home in the segregated area across the railroad tracks from the white section of town as was the customary treatment of Mexican Americans by the Three Rivers Community. Felix Longoria was to be re-interred in the Longoria Cemetery (purchased by his father in 1925), abutting the West side of the town's all white cemetery, this portion of the cemetery separated by a fence at that time was reserved by the Three Rivers Community for the Mexican Americans.[3] It was planned for Longoria to be buried in his family cemetery, but U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, after an investigation into the Longoria Affair, offered to have Pvt. Longoria's remains interred at Arlington National Cemetery in an effort to end the controversy surrounding the viewing of his coffin prior to burial.[14] Publication of an article in the New York Times brought national attention to the incident and it became known as the Felix Longoria Affair. Walter Winchell on his radio program stated "The big state of Texas looks mighty small tonight".

Outraged Texanos sought to end discrimination organized under the newly formed American GI Forum and its leader Dr. Hector P. Garcia.[10] With news reports of the incident making it into national papers,[15] the intervention of Freshman Senator Lyndon B. Johnson came into play, and arrangements were made for Felix Longoria's remains to be reinterred in Arlington National Cemetery in a military ceremony with eighteen other soldiers whose remains had been repatriated from foreign soil where they had served and died.[11] Full military honors was accorded each burial.[16]

Texas House of Representatives Committee Investigation

Under mounting national pressure, the State of Texas took action. The Texas House of Representatives appointed a five-person committee to investigate the allegations of racism. The Committee met in the Three Rivers Chamber of Commerce, next to the barber shop that only served whites.[13] The open hearings, took testimony, statements, and heard arguments on the issue. In the end, two reports were filed, a majority report that found no racism occurred and a minority report by the lone dissenting member, Frank Oltorf, who found that it was discriminatory based on race.[17] The reports and supporting documentation was filed with the Texas House of Representatives, but when one of the four removed his name from the majority report, both reports were pulled from the record.[3] Today, all we have are the summaries of both reports without any supporting documentation.[18][19]

Decorations

Chicano Movement

What has now become known as the "Longoria Affair" was a pivotal moment in the early stages of the post-World War II Chicano Movement in the United States. The newly formed GI Forum (est. March 1948) was advocating on behalf of segregated Hispanic veterans receiving unequal treatment by the military in Corpus Christi, Texas. Mrs. Longoria and her sister contacted Dr. Hector Perez Garcia, founder of the American GI Forum, who began lobbying for improvements. The national and international press picked up the story and the movement even impacted U.S. Mexican relations.[20]

The Felix Longoria affair became an early example of a unifying event in the Chicano Movement. The intervention of Dr. Hector García and the American GI Forum in the matter led to an increased interest around the country in opening local chapters of the organization.[21]

Among Mexican Americans and Hispanics across the country, the incident became a rallying point and a recruiting tool for the GI Forum that soon had chapters across the US.

Texas Historical Marker

In 2004, Santiago Hernandez of Corpus Christi, and an employee of the Federal Prison near Three Rivers began a push for local recognition of Private Felix Longoria in Three Rivers. He put forth a proposal to name the city's Post Office in honor of Felix Longoria which rekindled old tensions and longstanding resentments surrounding the events of 1948–1949.[22] In this atmosphere the proposal was rejected.

Failing to name the Post Office after Longoria, Hernandez gained permission from the Tejano owner of the now closed and dilapidated, funeral home to place a Texas Historical Marker on the property. The Texas Historical Commission granted permission, over the local historical commission and the mostly white supporters of Mr. Kennedy objections to the marker and the information on it.[23] Surrounded by local controversy the marker was installed in the Spring of 2010.[24] The funeral home was demolished by new owners in 2014 with the lot turned into a parking area and the historical marker was damaged and removed shortly after when hit by a car.[25] The new owners of the property asked that the marker not be returned after it was repaired, so it was rededicated and installed in the town square at the entrance to city hall.[26]

The placement of the historical marker and the documentary which chronicled these events and the events of 1948 are still controversial in Three Rivers to this day.[27] The exact words Mr. Kennedy used and his reasons for denying the use of the funeral home are disputed by some local in Three Rivers, Texas, and the family and friends of Mr. Kennedy.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Navarrette, Ruben (November 10, 2010). "Burial of Pvt. Felix Z. Longoria valuable lesson". The Morning Journal.
  2. ↑ Manuel G. Gonzales Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999) p. 183–184.
  3. 1 2 3 Carroll, Patrick (2003). Felix Longoria's Wake: Bereavement, Racism, and the Rise of Mexican American Activism (Cmas History, Culture, & Society). Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292712499.
  4. 1 2 "Felix Longoria, Private, United States Army". Arlington National Cemetery Website. June 13, 2006.
  5. ↑ Garcia, Ignacio M. (2002). Hector P. Garcia – In Relentless Pursuit of Justice. Houston: Arte Publico Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-13-183550-5.
  6. ↑ "Longoria, Felix Z., Pvt". TogetherWeServed Website. 2013.
  7. ↑ Gonzales, Manuel (1999). Mexicanos: a history of Mexicans in the United States. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-253-21400-9.
  8. ↑ Rivas-Rodriguez, Maggie (2006). A Legacy Greater Than Words: Stories of U.S. Latinos & Latinas of the World War II Generation (1st ed.). Austin: U.S. Latino & Latina WWII Oral History Project, University of Texas at Austin, School of Journalism. p. 257. ISBN 0-292-71418-1.
  9. ↑
  10. 1 2 Richardson, Rupert N.; Adrian Anderson; Cary D. Wintz; Ernest Wallace (2005). Texas: the Lone Star State, 9th edition (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 384. ISBN 0-13-183550-5.
  11. 1 2 Lopez, Ian F. Hanner (2003). Racism on Trial – The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. p. 70. ISBN 9780674010680.
  12. ↑ Hart, Lianne (May 31, 2004). "WWII Dispute Again Divides Town". The LA Times.
  13. 1 2 Sanchez, Carlos (May 28, 1989). "ANOTHER UNKNOWN SOLDIER". The Washington Post.
  14. ↑ "Letter from John J. Herrera to Lyndon B. Johnson – 1949-01-13". University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History.
  15. ↑ "This Day in History". KWTX 10 News. Feb 16, 2017.
  16. ↑ Meir, Matt S. (1972). Mexican Americans/American Mexicans: From Conquistadors to Chicanos. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0-8090-1559-5.
  17. ↑ "Felix Longoria Affair". Texas Historical Association.
  18. ↑ "Legislative Reference Library of Texas". Reburial of Felix Longoria, Investigation, Special.
  19. ↑ Ayala, Elaine (January 23, 2012). "Longoria affair continues to be debated". mySA.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ Justice for My People: The Dr. Hector P. Garcia Story Archived 2005-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. (2004), documentary aired on PBS, September 17, 2007.
  22. ↑ Hart, Lianne (May 31, 2004). "WWII Dispute Again Divides Town". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ http://mysoutex.com/view/full_story/7144458/article-Community-comes-together-to-support-historical-marker-dedication-for-Pvt--Felix-Z--Longoria-?
  25. ↑ Ayala, Elaine (October 18, 2015). "Three Rivers eager to whitewash civil rights watershed". San Antonio Express-News.
  26. ↑ Ayala, Elaine (October 25, 2015). "Longoria marker to get new spot in Three Rivers". San Antonio Express-News.
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ Hudson, Richard (2010). "Felix Longoria Legend: The Untold Story.". Ten Spurs:The Best of the Best. University of North Texas Literary Nonfiction of the Mayborn Conference Vol. 4. pp. 42–53.

Further reading

  • Carroll, Patrick Felix Longoria's Wake: Bereavement, Racism, and the Rise of Mexican American Activism, University of Texas Press ( ISBN 0-292-71249-9)
  • Carl Allsup, The American G.I. Forum: Origins and Evolution, University of Texas Center for Mexican American Studies Monograph 6, Austin, (1982)
  • Hudson, Richard. Felix Longoria Legend: The Untold Story. Ten Spurs:the best of the best [University of North Texas Literary Nonfiction of the Mayborn Conference Vol. 4 (2010): 42–53].
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.