Grey falcon

Grey falcon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Falconidae
Genus: Falco
Species: F. hypoleucos
Binomial name
Falco hypoleucos
Gould, 1841

The grey falcon (Falco hypoleucos) is a medium-sized falcon native to Australia. It is uncommon throughout its range and currently classified as Vulnerable.

Description

The species has mainly grey upperparts and white underparts, darker on the tips of the flight feathers and with a yellow cere. Young birds are darker. Adults have a body length of 30–45 cm and a wingspan of 85–95 cm, and weight 350–600 g. Females are larger.[2][3] The call of the grey falcon consists of hoarse chattering, clucking and whining sounds, similar to the peregrine falcon but slower and deeper. Calls include a loud, slow ‘kek-kek-kek’ or ‘kak-ak-ak-ak’.[4]

Distribution and habitat

The grey falcon is an Australian endemic, usually confined to the arid inland. It inhabits Triodia grassland, Acacia shrubland, and lightly timbered arid woodland.[2] It has been sighted over most of mainland Australia except for Cape York. Very few have been seen on the Nullarbor Plain and in the Great Victoria, Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts. Most sightings of the grey falcon have been within the arid zones, with rainfall less than 500 mm. When they have been occasionally seen outside of these areas, they have been found in similar dry, low altitude, open woodland or grassland. The only times this bird has been seen in different conditions has been along the Queensland coast during drought years. The grey falcon is often seen in family-type groups of an adult pair and usually one (but up to four) first year birds.[5]

Ecology

Diet

When sighted and observed, most grey falcons have been seen hunting. They have a habit of eating on the ground, in the open and around inland bores which make them quite easy to observe while eating. From 88% of observations it can be said that their main prey is other birds, followed by small mammals (6%), reptiles (5%) and invertebrates such as locusts and worms (1%). The birds which they feed on usually form flocks and feed on the ground which is typical of birds in arid regions such as parrots and pigeons. Grey falcons have also been sighted with animals such as; a mallee ringneck, a duck, a yellow-rumped thornbill, locusts, snakes, a large dragon, the house mouse, rabbit kittens, lamb carcasses and one has even been seen pursuing a bat.[5]

Nesting

The grey falcon’s breeding range has shrunk recently with breeding occurring in the more arid sections of their distribution.[5] They breed once a year but may nest twice a year during abundant seasons or may not nest during drought times. Breeding and nesting occur within the distribution range with nests normally being an abandoned stick nest from another species of bird of prey. Nests are often selected in an upright fork, of the top of a tall tree. These can be located in a patch or a belt of timber along a watercourse in dry inland areas. Nests can be used for several years within the nesting season of July to October in the south and April to June in the North. The grey falcon eggs look very similar to the black falcon’s (Falco subniger) but are slightly smaller. A clutch size is generally two or three and occasionally four eggs that are oval shaped and 51x38 mm on average.[6]

Conservation listings

The species has very low densities, numbering only 1,000 breeding pairs, but the population may be stable. Continued high levels of grazing in arid zone rangelands and clearance of the semi-arid zone for marginal farming is degrading habitat.[1][2]

International

The species was previously listed as near-threatened; in 2012 it was uplisted to Vulnerable.[7] Listed on CITES Appendix II.

Australia

Grey falcon are listed as endangered on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[8]

State of Victoria, Australia

  • The grey falcon is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988).[9] Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.[10]
  • On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, The grey falcon is listed as endangered.[11]

State of Queensland, Australia

State of Western Australia, Australia

State of New South Wales, Australia

  • The grey falcon is listed as endangered under the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016.[14]

Conservation actions

The grey falcon occurs in several protected areas, including Sturt National Park.[15]

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Falco hypoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Eds). (1993). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. ISBN 0-19-553069-1
  3. ↑ Schoenjahn, J. (2010). Field identification of the Grey Falcon ‘Falco hypoleucos’. Australian Field Ornithology, 27(2), 49-58.
  4. ↑ Simpson, K & Day, N. (2004). Field guide to the birds of Australia. Penguin Books –Viking.
  5. 1 2 3 Olsen, P. D. (1986). Short communications - Distribution, status, movements and breeding of the Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos. CSIRO, 47-51.
  6. ↑ Beruldsen, G. (2003). Australian birds, their nests and eggs. G. Beruldsen.
  7. ↑ "Recently recategorised species". Birdlife International (2012). Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  8. ↑ EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna. environment.gov.au
  9. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2005-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2006-09-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.
  12. ↑ Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management
  13. ↑ Threatened Fauna Specially Protected Fauna Notice
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ "Sturt National Park: Plan of management" (PDF). NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (PDF). Government of New South Wales. January 2018. ISBN 978-1-76039-991-7. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  • BirdLife International. (2006). Species factsheet: Falco hypoleucos. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 9/12/2006
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