Summer Time in Europe

Time in Europe:
light blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1)
red Central European Time (UTC+1)
Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2)
golden Eastern European Time (UTC+2)
Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3)
light green Further-eastern European Time / Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3)
Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year; dark colours indicate where a summer time is observed.

European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries (not including Iceland, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkey and Russia) in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight. It corresponds to the notion and practice of "daylight saving time" to be found in many other parts of the world.

European Summer Time begins at 01:00 UTC/WET (02:00 CET, 03:00 EET) on the last Sunday in March and ends at 01:00 UTC (02:00 WEST, 03:00 CEST, 04:00 EEST) on the last Sunday in October each year; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones. The European Union has a legislation (directive 2000/84/CE) making DST mandatory for its member countries (except overseas territories).

Summer Time lasts, depending upon the calendar year, for either 30 or 31 weeks of the year.

History

Summer Time was first introduced during the First World War. However, most countries discontinued the practice after the war. It was then restarted in various countries during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath. Again it was widely cancelled by the 1950s, but reintroduced in isolated cases until the late 1960s, when the energy crisis began to prompt policymakers to reintroduce Summer Time across the continent. It has remained in place in most European countries since then.

Historically the countries of Europe had different practices for observing Summer Time, but this hindered coordination of transport, communications and movements. Starting in 1981 the European Community began issuing directives requiring member states to legislate particular start and end dates for Summer Time.[1]

Since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01:00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March, but the end dates have differed. Successive Directives laid down two dates for the end: one on the last Sunday in September applied by the continental Member States, and the other on the fourth Sunday in October for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[1] In 1996 the end date was changed to the fourth Sunday in October for all countries.[2] In 1998 the end date was changed to the last Sunday in October; this happened to be the same as the previous rule for 1996 and 1997.[3] The ninth directive, directive 2000/84/CE, currently in force, specifies this rule.[4]

There have been proposals in 2015 and 2016 from members of the European Parliament to abolish summer time observance, but the European Commission has yet to put forward proposals to be considered, as it says it has not found conclusive evidence in favour of a change, and member states are divided. It did however note that a cost would be incurred if harmonisation between member states' summer time rules was lost.[5][6] In 2017 the Finnish and Lithuanian parliaments both voted in favour of proposals calling on the EU to reconsider daylight saving, with similar criticism from Poland and Sweden. The European Commission at the time was reviewing the practice.[7][8]

On 8 February 2018, the European Parliament voted to ask the European Commission to re-evaluate DST in Europe.[9] After a web survey giving high support of not switching clock twice annually[10] on 12 September 2018, the European Commission decided to propose to put an end to seasonal clock changes (repealing Directive 2000/84/EC)[11] In order for this to be valid, the European Union legislative procedure must be followed, mainly that the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament must both approve the proposal.

Table of transition dates for European Summer Time

European Summer Time begins (clocks go forward) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in March, and ends (clocks go back) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in October:

StartEnd
30 March 201426 October 2014
29 March 201525 October 2015
27 March 201630 October 2016
26 March 201729 October 2017
25 March 201828 October 2018
31 March 201927 October 2019

[12]

A formula which can be used to calculate the beginning of European Summer Time is:

Sunday (31 − ((((5 × y) ÷ 4) + 4) mod 7)) March at 01:00 UTC

The corresponding formula for the end of European Summer Time is:

Sunday (31 − ((((5 × y) ÷ 4) + 1) mod 7)) October at 01:00 UTC


where y is the year, and a mod b is b times the fractional part of a/b. These formulae are valid until 2099.[13]

Double Summer Time

"Double Summer Time" (two hours ahead of local winter time) has been observed on some occasions, notably in 1921, 1941-45 and 1947. See:

Countries not switching to and from summer time

There are four countries that do not use summer time, but keep the same time all year.

Some may be thought of as using "permanent" summer time, since they use time zones allocated to regions further east than themselves. Belarus explicitly decided to stay permanently on (what it formerly called) summer time after 2011.

Spain, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands may also be thought of as observing "summer time" throughout the winter, and "double-summer time" during summer, because of their position to the west of the central European time zone.

  •  Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back, and is now observing UTC+3 all year round. The midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28°E (corresponds to UTC+1.8).
  •  Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes (13°W-24°W) which would indicate UTC-1. Iceland's high latitude (the Reykjavík region, home to nearly two-thirds of the country's people, is at 64°N) means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year, and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would, in comparison, be small.
  •  Russia used "permanent summer time" from 2011 to 2014. In October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time (UTC+03:00 in the country's west, including Moscow), setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did.[14]
  •  Turkey decided to stop daylight saving time in September 2016, but to stay in on UTC+3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC+2.

Local observations

In most of Europe, the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period: thus, in the UTC+01:00 time zone, Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00).

 Austria

Austria used summer time in 1916–1918, 1920, 1940–1948 (as part of Nazi Germany between 1940–1945) and since 1980.

 Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary used summer time during World War I in 1916, 1917 and 1918, in line with the German Empire.

 Bulgaria

Summer time was introduced in Bulgaria in 1979 by a regulation of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers. Bulgaria observes the European Union rules for summer time.[15]

 Czech Republic

In the Kingdom of Bohemia, summer time was used for three seasons from 1916 to 1918, while part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I. During World War II, when the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a de facto part of Nazi Germany, summer time was used from 1940. In 1940/1941 and 1941/1942, the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter. Czechoslovakia used summer time from 1945 to 1949 and from 1979 to 1992. In winter 1946/1947 (from 1 December to 23 February), winter time (CET+01:00) was used.

So Czechoslovakia used summer time yearly from 1979 and both the Czech Republic and Slovakia continued to do so after the dissolution in 1993.

 Czechoslovakia

The Czech lands and Slovakia used summer time in 1916, 1917 and 1918 under the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia used summer time from 1940. In 1940/1941 and 1941/1942, summer time was kept continuously, even during the winter. The Slovak State during World War II also used summer time.

Czechoslovakia continued to use the summer time from 1945 to 1949. In winter 1946/1947 (from 1 December to 23 February), winter time (CET−01:00) was used.

Czechoslovakia used summer time from 1979 to 1992 (the year of its dissolution). Czech Republic and Slovakia continue to use summer time.

 Denmark

Although summer time has been observed in Denmark for the past few decades, a national association against summer time (Landsforeningen mod Sommertid) still exists.[16]

 Estonia

In Estonia summer time was not used in 1989–1996 and 2000–2001. It was used under Soviet rule in 1981–1988.

 Finland

In Finland, summer time has been used on a regular basis since 1981.

A citizens' initiative to abolish daylight saving time was signed by 70,000 Finnish citizens. It was presented to the Finnish parliament in June 2017.[17][18]

 France and  Monaco

From 1923 until the Second World War, France and Monaco observed summer time from the last Saturday in March until the first Saturday in October. During the Second World War France also observed summer time. However, after the war the practice was abandoned (since the country changed time zones instituting de facto permanent summer time). In 1975, summer time was reimplemented because of the oil crisis.[19]

Since GMT (now UTC) is France's "natural" time zone, its use of UTC+1 in winter can be seen as a form of daylight saving time, while its use of Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) in summer can be seen as a form of "double summer time".[20]

France and Monaco follow EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time.

 Germany

Summer time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire from 1916 to 1918. After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918, summer time ceased to be observed. Summer time was reintroduced in 1940, during World War II, to try to save energy for the war economy. After the defeat of Germany, summer time was retained by the occupation powers. In 1945, Berlin and the Soviet Occupation Zone even observed Central European Midsummer Time (Mitteleuropäische Hochsommerzeit, MEHSZ; UTC+03:00): in 1947, all of Germany switched to midsummer time from 11 May to 29 June. After the Federal Republic (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were established in 1949, summer time again ceased to be observed in 1950.

In 1978, West Germany decided to reintroduce summer time, following the example set by several neighbouring states in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis. However, it only came into effect in 1980, after West and East Germany reached an agreement to observe summer time simultaneously from the last Sunday in March (02:00 CET) to the last Sunday in September (03:00 CEST). Thus both German states observed the same time until the German reunification in 1990, after which the reunified Germany retained the laws and thus also the Time Act (Zeitgesetz) of West Germany.

After 1980, West and East Germany; since 1991 reunified Germany: Central European Summer Time.[21]

Büsingen am Hochrhein, a small exclave, entirely surrounded by Swiss territory, did not implement summer time in 1980 but observed the same time as Switzerland; thus there was a one hour time difference between this village and the rest of Germany. The zone Europe/Busingen was created in the 2013a release of the tz database,[22] because since the Unix time epoch in 1970, Büsingen has shared clocks with Zurich.[23]

Germany follows the EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time.

 Greenland

Greenland, except for the northeastern coast around Danmarkshavn (UTC year-round), observes Summer Time simultaneously with Europe, except for Thule Air Base (which follows Atlantic Time and observes in accordance with Canadian rules). Summer Time thus begins at 00:00 East Greenland Time on Sunday, and 22:00 West Greenland Time on Saturday, and ends at 01:00 EGST on Sunday and 23:00 WGST on Saturday.

 Hungary

Summer time was first introduced in Hungary in 1916, and it was observed until 1919. After that, summer time was in use between 1941–1949 and 1954–1957. Summer time has been in use again since 1980 and follows EU rules.

 Iceland

Iceland uses UTC but has not used summer time since April 1968. From 1908 to 1968 Iceland used UTC−1. Summer time was used in 1917-1919, 1921 and 1939-1967.

 Ireland

In Ireland, Summer Time, known as Irish Standard Time (IST) is observed during Summer (March to October). IST is sometimes mistaken for "Irish Summer Time", though this is incorrect.

 Italy,  San Marino, and   Vatican City

Summer time is known as "ora legale" (literally "legal hour", referencing the fact that it's mandated by law) in Italy, and it has been adopted and abolished several times: it was observed from 1916 to 1920 and between 1944 and 1948. A law was approved in 1965 that took effect the following year, and made the application of summer time mandatory in the whole country. Since 1996, it has been coordinated with the European Union. San Marino and Vatican City State share land borders solely with Italy and observe the same time as in Italy.

 Norway

In Norway, summer time was observed in 1916, 1940–45, and 1959-65. The arrangement was controversial, and in 1965 the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget) voted to discontinue the practice. Their neighbour, Sweden, did not use it.

However, in 1980 summer time was reintroduced (together with Sweden and Denmark), and since at least 2002 Norway has followed the European Union in this matter.[24]

 Poland

In Poland, "the summer time" was observed in the following years:

  • 1918
  • 1946 - 1949
  • 1957 - 1964
  • 1977 - (still)

In the years 1979 - 1995 the last day of summer time was the last Saturday of September. In 1996 it was changed to the last Saturday of October, to synchronise with other countries of the EU.

 Portugal

In Portugal, summer time (locally known by "Hora de Verão") was introduced in 1916. In the years 1922, 1923, 1925, 1930, 1933 and from 1967 to 1975 summer time was not applied.[25] For many years the official time in the Madeira Islands was one hour earlier than that in Lisbon, and the Azores Islands were two hours behind. Today, in the Madeira Islands the official time is the same as that of Lisbon, and in the Azores Islands it is one hour behind Lisbon. The start and end dates for summer time in Portugal follow the pattern in the rest of the EU: the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October.

 Romania

Summer time in Romania (locally known by "Ora de Vară") was originally introduced in 1932 (between 22 May and 2 October). Between 1933 and 1940 summer time started on the first Sunday in April and ended on the first Sunday in October. Summer time was abandoned in 1941 and reintroduced in 1979. Until 1996, with few exceptions, summer time started at the end of March and ended at the end of September. Since 1997, it has started in the last Sunday in March and ended on the last Sunday in October, in accordance with European Union rules.[26]

 Russia

A decree of the Russian Provisional Government introduced summer time (Russian: летнее время) in Russia on 30 June 1917, and clocks moved one hour forward. A decree of the Soviet government led to the abandonment of this system five months later: clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December.[27]

From 1930, Decree time had the effect of imposing year-round time-zone advances in the Soviet Union.

A decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR reintroduced summer time in the USSR (Moscow Summer Time, for example) on 1 April 1981, and its practice continued into post-Soviet times until 2011. The changeover dates in Russia were the same as for other European countries, but clocks were moved forward or back at 02:00 local time in all zones. Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), summer time commenced at 02:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ended at 03:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. (Note that "day before the last Sunday" is not the same as "the last Saturday" in a month where the last day is a Saturday.)

Night black sky at 9:06 am (UTC+4) on 23 December 2013 in Moscow

On 8 February 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced cancellation of biannual clock changes in Russia in favor of a permanent switch to summer time. An hour was added in March 2011 for the last time, and clocks did not move back again. At the same time some of Russia's time zones were consolidated.[28] After this reform many Russian cities had a "standard time" two hours more than would be suggested by their "astronomical time" (because the original standard time was already ahead of astronomical time in many areas).[28]

During his 2012 election campaign, Vladimir Putin proposed re-introducing summer time, as some workers had complained about not seeing any daylight during the winter, since the sun had not risen when they went to work.[29] According to a report in the International Herald Tribune, Russian citizens remembered the winter of 2011-12 as the "darkest winter on record" as a result of the time change.[28] However, Putin later said it would be up to then Prime Minister Medvedev's cabinet to decide how to proceed with a seasonal time shift, and it decided to stay with the 2011 policy.[28]

On 26 October 2014 Russia permanently returned to "winter" time.[30][31]

 Slovakia

In Slovakia, formerly part of Czechoslovakia, the authorities introduced summer time (locally known as "Letný čas"), with occasional breaks, in the early 1940s. Annual summer time, however, dates only from 1979. After several years, Slovakia established the rule that summer time begins in the last weekend of March (during the night from Saturday to Sunday) and ends in the last weekend of September. Since 1996, summer time has been prolonged about one month so it lasts until the last weekend in October, in accordance with European Union rules.

 Slovenia

Summer time in Slovenia (locally known as "Poletni čas") was introduced on 16 November 1982 when it was one of the Yugoslavia republics. Same law was valid until 1996 when the end of summer time was changed from first Sunday in October to last Sunday in October. In 2006, the European Union standard was adopted and is still used today.

 Sweden

In Sweden summer time was originally introduced on 15 May 1916. It proved unpopular, and on 30 September in the same year, Sweden returned to year-round standard time. This continued for more than half a century.

On 6 April 1980, Sweden again introduced summer time, and since then summer time has been observed every summer in Sweden. Except for the introduction year 1980, summer time has always started on the last Sunday in March. It ended on the last Sunday in September during the years 1980-1995, and has ended on the last Sunday in October since 1996, following a unification of start/end dates of summer time within the EU as well as in several European countries then outside the EU.

The transit authority Västtrafik changes its clocks at 04:00, so that the last tram that leaves around 3:30 actually goes 2:30 on the last weekend of October for those who have changed their clocks at the legal time.[32] The public transport company SL changes their clocks at the legal time, and runs extra departures during the October transition hour.[33]

  Switzerland and  Liechtenstein

The last country in Europe to adopt summer time, in 1981, was Switzerland, even though summer time had been rejected by 52.1% of voters in a federal referendum in 1978.[34] Since 1996 Swiss summer time follows EU regulations. It had been in use in 1941 and 1942.[35] Liechtenstein observes the same time as Switzerland. The German village of Büsingen am Hochrhein, a small exclave, entirely surrounded by Swiss territory, also observes the same time as in Switzerland; it did not implement summer time in 1980, and observed the same time as Switzerland, so that there was a one hour time difference between this village and the rest of Germany.

 Turkey

Summer time was introduced in Turkey in 1947, but suspended from 1965 to 1972. Since 1974, Turkey follows European Summer Time.

In 2008, the Turkish Ministry of Energy proposed that Turkey should abolish summer time while at the same time switching to GMT +2.5, originally from 2009 onwards, but when this appeared infeasible, to start in 2011.[36] The plan has not been heard of since.

For the year 2011, Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3:00 am (03:00) on Monday 28 March, one day later than the rest of Europe, to avoid disrupting the national university entrance examinations held on 27 March.[37]

Once again, for the year 2014, Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3:00 am (03:00) on Monday 31 March, one day later than the rest of Europe, to avoid disrupting the local elections held on 30 March.[38]

In 2015, Turkey delayed the switch from European Summer Time by 2 weeks, to 4:00 am (04:00) on Sunday 8 November, two weeks later than the rest of Europe, due to the calling of a snap general election on Sunday, 1 November.[39]

In 2016, Turkey scrapped winter time, by switching to New Turkey Time. This means permanent UTC+3, which was used during summer time in Turkey. The switch was on 12:00 am (00:00) on Thursday 8 September, in reality stopping switches between summer and winter time.[40]

 Ukraine

Summer time was introduced in Ukraine in the early 1980s; from 1981 till 1989 this was Moscow Summer Time; since 1992 Eastern European Summer Time has been used.[41][42]

On 20 September 2011 the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) voted not to return from Eastern European Summer Time to Eastern European Time.[41][43] This change would have had the effect of moving Ukraine into the Further-eastern European Time zone UTC+03:00 along with Belarus and western Russia (which do not observe summer time). However, on 18 October 2011 the Parliament canceled these plans and the country returned to Eastern European Time as scheduled.[42][44] 295 MPs voted in favour out of 349 registered MPs.[42]

Crimea and regions of eastern Ukraine under the control of separatist militants observe Further-eastern European Time.[45]

 United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom local time during this period is known as British Summer Time (BST) (UTC+01:00) while local time during the rest of the year is normally referred to as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). More generally British Summer Time is part of Western European Summer Time.

Legislation: Summer Time Act 1916; Summer Time Act 1922; Time (Ireland) Act, 1916; Summer Time Act, 1925; Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939; The Summer Time Order 1964; The Summer Time Order 1967; Summer Time Act 1972; The Summer Time Order 1997; The Summer Time Order 2002.[46]

Since 1996 all clocks in the European Union, of which the UK is a member state, have changed on same dates and at the same time, 01:00 GMT.[47]

  • British Summer Time starts: Last Sunday in March
  • British Summer Time ends: Last Sunday in October
  • British Summer Time clocks change at 01:00 (1.00 am) Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

The Channel Islands and Isle of Man observe the same time as the UK mainland.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Communication from the commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European economic and social committee under Article 5 of Directive 2000/84/EC on summer time arrangements". European Commission. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  2. ↑ "European Commission - Mobility and Transport: Summertime". 24 October 2014.
  3. ↑ Joseph Myers (21 January 2007). "History of legal time in Britain". Retrieved 24 March 2007.
  4. ↑ "Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 January 2001 on summer time arrangement".
  5. ↑ "Summertime: changing the clocks". epthinktank.eu. 24 March 2016.
  6. ↑ "EU Politicians Speak Up to Remove DST". www.timeanddate.com.
  7. ↑ Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time, Euractiv 27/10/17
  8. ↑ Lithuania hopes to kill daylight savings time, Euractiv 22/11/17
  9. ↑ "EU Parliament Votes to Re-Evaluate DST in Europe". www.timeanddate.com.
  10. ↑ Summertime Consultation: 84% want Europe to stop changing the clock
  11. ↑ State of the Union 2018: Q&A on the Commission's proposal to put an end to seasonal clock changes European Commission − Press Release (Strasbourg, 12 September 2018)
  12. ↑ In October 2019 clock change could be the last one, if EC proposal is accepted.
  13. ↑ Attributed to Robert H. van Gent. "Daylight Saving Time: About this exhibit"
  14. ↑ "Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight-saving time shift". The Guardian. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "Bulgaria Turns Clocks to Daylight Saving Time March 28 - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". novinite.com.
  16. ↑ "Landsforeningen mod Sommertid" (in Danish). Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  17. ↑ "Citizens' initiative to dump Daylight Saving Time heads to Finnish lawmakers". yle.fi.
  18. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time". reuters.com.
  19. ↑ Poulle, Yvonne (1999). "La France à l'heure allemande" (PDF). Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). 157 (2): 493–502. doi:10.3406/bec.1999.450989. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  20. ↑ Thorsen, Steffen. "France and Spain kicks into "Double Summer Time"". Time and Date.com. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  21. ↑ DST and midsummer DST in Germany until 1979, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. (2010)
  22. ↑ Eggert, Paul (2013-03-02). "tzcode2013a and tzdata2013a available". tz-announce. External link in |publisher= (help)
  23. ↑ Olson, Arthur David (2012-03-03). "New zone for DE, split from Europe/Berlin". gmane.comp.time.tz.
  24. ↑ "Hva er sommertid?". Forskning.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  25. ↑ "Hora Legal desde 1911 (Legal Time since 1911)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16.
  26. ↑ "Observatorul Astronomic - Ora de vara" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2008-11-15. Contains tables with all historical summer time start and end dates since 1932.
  27. ↑ "Time Zone & Clock Changes 1900-1924 in Moscow, Russia". www.timeanddate.com.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Gessen, Masha (1 October 2012). "Will Russia Turn Back the Clock?". Latitude: Views from Around the World. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  29. ↑ "Russian prime minister promises daylight saving time". Time and Date.com. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  30. ↑ BBC Russia: Putin abolishes "daylight savings" time change
  31. ↑ Российская Газета: Президент вернул "зимнее время"
  32. ↑ Natten mellan lördag och söndag går vi över till sommartid (Swedish)
  33. ↑ Sommartid blir vintertid - även i SL-trafiken (Swedish)
  34. ↑ ChF, Chancellerie fédérale. "Votation No". www.admin.ch.
  35. ↑ "Seit 30 Jahren Sommerzeit in der Schweiz". www.suedostschweiz.ch.
  36. ↑ "Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011". Turkish Daily News. Worldtimezone.com. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  37. ↑ "Turkey switches to summer time one day later". World Bulletin. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
  38. ↑ "Turkey's election delays summertime". World Bulletin. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  39. ↑ "End of Daylight Saving Time delayed in Turkey". Hürriyet. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  40. ↑ "Scraps Winter Time delayed In Turkey". Hürriyet. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  41. 1 2 Ukraine cancels use of daylight saving time, Kyiv Post (20 September 2011)
  42. 1 2 3 Ukraine to return to standard time on 30 Oct (updated), Kyiv Post (18 October 2011)
  43. ↑ Deputies cancelled the winter time, WorldTimeZone.com (20 September 2011)
  44. ↑ Ukraine cancels plan to drop winter time change, Kyiv Post (18 October 2011)
  45. ↑ "DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time". ITAR TASS. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  46. ↑ "Full text - Daylight Saving Time - United Kingdom Law - The Summer Time Order 1997". www.webexhibits.org.
  47. ↑ British Summer Time, wwp.greenwichmeantime.com

Further reading

  • David Prerau. Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-796-7.
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