Emergency flotation system

Emergency Flotation Systems (EFS) are emergency systems installed on larger commercial and military helicopters in order to prevent the airframe sinking in the event of a crash landing on water. The floats may be packed within spaces inside the airframe or as externally mounted packs on the helicopter skids. The floats are inflated using gas stored in pressurised cylinders carried on board the helicopter.

History

During normal H-46 operations, hatches and windows are open and upon hard landings the lower plexiglass bubbles in the nose section frequently break. Watertight hull integrity is usually rapidly lost followed by or concurrent with the aircraft rolling over. The H-46 has very little buoyancy in the forward end which is an additional hazard when the aircraft rolls over and rapidly fills with water because the nose sinks first trapping personnel in the aft cabin. Under these conditions of the aircraft rolling over, rapidly filling with water and sinking nosedown, expecially [sic] at night it is nearly impossible for occupants to detach themselves from seat belts and walk-around harness, swim down to the forward escape hatches and push them outward against inrushing water and egress successfully. The design criteria for an emergency flotation system must take into account all of these factors.

— M.J. Reilly, Lightweight Emergency Flotation System for the CH-46 Helicopter (Technical Report NADC-79169-60, Feb 1981)[1]:10

By 1979, United States Navy and Marine Corps Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters had been involved in 64 emergency landings in water. Of the 64, 47 helicopters sunk after landing, killing 75. A study estimated 50% of those fatalities could have been prevented had the helicopters been equipped with adequate emergency flotation.[1]:9 Because helicopters tend to have a high center of gravity due to the high-mounted engine and transmission, even if they are naturally buoyant in the water with hatches secured, they will tend to overturn in heavy sea conditions.[1]:10

Regulation

In the United States, regulations for ditching aircraft are included in Federal Aviation Regulations Parts 27 (14 C.F.R. 27) and 29 (14 C.F.R. 29), and specific guidance is provided in Advisory circulars 27-1B and 29-2C.

Design

The most rapid inflation is provided by pressurised helium although some float systems use helium blended with other gases such as nitrogen to slow down the inflation rate.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Reilly, M.J. (February 1981). Lightweight Emergency Flotation System for the CH-46 Helicopter (Technical Report NADC-79169-60) (Report). Boeing Vertol Company. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • "Zodiac Aero Evacuation Systems". Zodiac Aerospace. Retrieved 14 April 2018. Zodiac Group: AERAZUR (Cognac, France) and Air Cruisers Company (Wall Township, New Jersey, USA) are two major manufacturing sources for emergency flotation systems requirements. rde09jun09.
  • "Flotation" (PDF). Dart Aerospace. January 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • Muller, Mark; Greenwood, Richard; Richards, Marvin; Bark, Lindley (May 1996). Survey and Analysis of Rotorcraft Flotation Systems (DOT/FAA/AR-95/53) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • Kidwell, John C.; Crago, William A. (June 1970). Model Testing to Establish Ditching and Flotation Stability Characteristics of Helicopters. 26th Annual National Forum. Washington, D.C.: American Helicopter Society. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • Hansen, Knute C.; Lawrence, Thomas H. (July 1981). CH-53E Emergency Flotation System Design Study (NADC-79256-60) (PDF) (Report). Naval Air Development Center. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • Denante, M.; Antomarchi, P.; Couant, A.; Delorme, L. (2007). Study on Helicopter Ditching and Crashworthiness (EASA.2007.C16) (PDF) (Report). European Aviation Safety Agency. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  • Delorme, Louis; Denante, Marc; Santucci, Philippe; De Gelas, Axelle (22–26 June 2009). New Flotation Devices to Avoid Helicopters' Total Inversion After Capsize (PDF). 10th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles. St. Petersburg. pp. 77–86. Retrieved 14 April 2018.


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