Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal

Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal
شیخ محمد اقبال‬
Born Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal
1929[1]
Sialkot, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
Residence Srinagar, Kashmir
Education B. A. Honours., M. A., L.L.B, Ph.D.
Alma mater University of the Punjab (Lahore), Aligarh Muslim University, I.S.I.S.
Occupation Author, Historian, Scholar
Notable work The Mission of Islam, History of Islam & Muslims, Islamic Toleration and Justice, Emeralds in the Crown of Islam, Islam and Christianity in Balance
Spouse(s) Jana Bibi (1946-53)
Bashirah Akhtar (m. 1955)
Children 6
Website sheikhmohammadiqbal.com

Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal is a Kashmiri[2][3] author,[4][5] historian,[6] Islamic scholar,[7] intellectual,[8] educationist,[7] academician,[9] researcher,[5] writer, publisher[10] and former archaeologist.[11] A globally acknowledged scholar on Islamic History and Arab-Islamic issues,[12] Iqbal is considered an authority on Saudi Arabia.[13] Being a prolific writer, he has written over forty seven books[14] and numerous research papers and articles published in the local,[15] national,[12] and international journals.[16] He was a visiting Asian Professor and Fulbright-Hays Senior Scholar to United States[15][13] and, on the behest of King Faisal,[17][18] a visiting scholar to King Abdulaziz University.[7] He served in Kashmir for almost three decades, holding, besides others, the posts of a Lecturer,[19] Professor,[3] Head of Department,[16] Principal[20] and Director.[15]

Early years

Iqbal was born at Sialkot, Punjab (now in Pakistan).[1] His parents used to go to the British Resident's Office to Srinagar for arranging civil supplies. He was 15 days old when his mother died at the age of 28 years during an epidemic. He (along with his elder brother)[lower-alpha 1] was taken immediately to Srinagar and brought up by his maternal grandmother who managed his early education.[19] He studied at Tyndale Biscoe School in Habba Kadal for basic education.[22]

Education and career

Iqbal obtained his F.A. from S. P. College[23] and graduated with Honours in Arabic from the University of Punjab, Lahore, in 1946. He did his Master's degree in History and Political Science and LL.B. in 1949 at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He joined the School of International Studies, Sapru House, New Delhi in 1956, for a course of Ph. D,[24] taking up "Political Development in Najd and Hejaz, 1901-1934" as the subject of his research.[1] He was qualified for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in July, 1963.[19] His fields of specialisation are Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, early Islamic History, and Arab-Islamic Issues of the 20th Century and after.[25]

Iqbal was appointed as Deputy Custodian, Evacuees' Property at Jammu in 1949. He later joined the Department of Education (J&K) in 1951 as Lecturer at S. P. College where he taught for 20 years.[23]

Iqbal taught and lectured[26] in American Universities as a Visiting Asian Professor and Fulbright-Hays Senior Scholar.[15][13] [27]With assignments of teaching and addressing public audiences, he created deep impression among the faculty members and the Post-Graduate classes at the American institutions of higher learning.[25] He gave addresses on subjects like Islamic History, Islamic Toleration and Middle-East. His lectures earned him an offer to settle in the United States permanently which he declined.[23]

As the Principal of the Islamia College, he brought the Students' Unrest under control and ensured discipline within the college and created a conducive atmosphere for education.[23]

Dr Iqbal with Justice Javed Iqbal, the son of Sir Muhammad Iqbal at Lahore.

As the Director of the Department of Libraries, Research, Museums and Archives, "his contributions in reorganising the department are extraordinary (sic)." He left "no stone unturned in giving name and fame to the Museum movement by submitting notes proposal to the government for its recognition of Museums (sic)."[28] He opposed Sheikh Abdullah's idea of handing over the Hari Parbat Fort to the Archaeological Survey of India. He preferred that the Fort should be kept under the administration of the State Government. He also did not favour the Government's move to demolish the gateways of Cheshma Shahi and Nishat gardens.[23]

Iqbal was being considered to be appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kashmir by Mir Qasim and Sheikh Abdullah. However, the proposal did not pan out for "his young age."[7]

In 1978, Iqbal was invited to an International Islamic Seminar held at Sri Lanka where he read out a paper on Islam and Education.[7]

Iqbal attended the Third Islamic Summit Conference of Islamic States at Makkah/Ta'if in 1981. He was a visiting scholar to King Abdulaziz University and participated in numerous International Conferences and Seminars in the Gulf. He has been frequently visiting Middle-Eastern countries especially Saudi Arabia along with Egypt and Pakistan since 1958 in connection with his research.[7] There, he also became a close associate of Late King Faisal bin Abd al-Aziz.[13]

Iqbal has written on a wide range of subjects including Islamic History, British History, American History, Gulf History,[29] political and social history of the Middle-East and Indian subcontinent, issues concerning the Muslim Ummah, Pakistan and its leaders,[29] the issue of Jammu & Kashmir, the issue of Palestine, among others.[22] His work and contribution has been richly commented upon by eminent scholars and statesmen of the East and West. His two publications, Memoirs and Selected Correspondence "reveal his multi-dimensional administrative duties, personal exchanges, the range of relations, and, his yearning for a reformed and a confederate Islamic system free from issues, whether imported or created."[25]

Publications

  1. History of India, Urdu (1955) (سرتاج تاریخِ ہند).[30][31]
  2. Medieval and Modern History of England (1956).[31]
  3. Under the Shade of Islam, Urdu (1958) (اسلام کے ساۓ میں).[32][lower-alpha 2]
  4. Was The Prophet Harsh To The Jews? (1970).[16]
  5. The United Nations As I Found It (1973).[34]
  6. Fruits of Conversion to Islam (1974).[35]
  7. The Voice of Islam (1974).[35]
  8. Faisal: Ideas and Achievements (1974).[35]
  9. The Battle of Al-Badr (1975).[35]
  10. The Arab Glory, The Arab Grief (1976).[36]
  11. The Mission of Islam (1977).[37][38][39][lower-alpha 3]
  12. J&K Research Biannual (2 Issues; 1977).[35]
  13. Emergence of Saudi Arabia (1977).[41][42][43][44][lower-alpha 4]
  14. Advent of Islam In Kashmir (1977).[46]
  15. The Culture of Kashmir (1978).[35][47]
  16. Realms of Peace (1979).[48]
  17. Indo-Arab Star Series (7 Issues, 1979–80).[35]
    Dr Iqbal delivering a lecture on Iqbal Day at Kashmir University in 2002.
  18. Aggression on Ka'bah (1980).[31]
  19. Contemporary Gulf (1980).[35]
  20. Saudi Arabia: Era of Reconstruction 1961-1981 (1981).[49]
  21. Saudi Arabia: Landmarks in Islamic Solidarity (1981).[41][50][51][lower-alpha 5]
  22. Saudi Arabia: Epitome of History and Progress (1982).[41][53]
  23. Ideals of Islam and Other Essays (1982).[54](Co-authored with Sheikh Talal).[55]
  24. Educational System in Saudi Arabia (1983).[41][34][56][57]
  25. Saudi Arabia: Feats of Development Planning (1985).[34]
  26. Saudi Arabia: Founding and Development (1986).[41]
  27. Hajj Performance and Saudi Arabia (Compilation) (1987).[41]
  28. Sayyid Ali Hamadani: A Review and Estimate (1988). [35]
  29. Sheikh Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahhab (1988).[58] [31]
  30. History of Islam & Muslims: Life and the Mission of Muhammad (pbuh) (Vol. I) (1992).[31]
  31. History of Islam & Muslims: Caliph Abu Bakr (rdh) (Vol. II) (1992).[31]
  32. History of Islam & Muslims: Caliph Umar Faruq (rdh) (Vol.III) (1992).[31]
  33. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Progress and Consultative System (1994).[34]
  34. History of Islam & Muslims: Caliph Uthman bin 'Affan (rdh) (Vol. IV) (1994).[31]
  35. Human Rights and Government in Saudi Arabia (1995).[34]
    Book Release of Islam and Christianity in Balance (2017). From the left: Dr Sheikh Talal, Dr Abdul Ahad, Justice B. A. Kirmani, Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal, Dr Altaf Hussain, Mr. Z. G. Muhammad and Mr. Fayaz Ahmad.
  36. History of Islam & Muslims: Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib (rdh) (Vol. V) (1997).[31]
  37. Islamic Toleration and Justice (1998)[59][60][61][lower-alpha 6]
  38. Focus: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Excerpts from the Books of Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (2000).[19]
  39. Presidents Lincoln & Wilson: Legacies and Lessons (2000).[31][63]
  40. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Issue of Palestine (2001).[34]
  41. Monthly Al-Hayat (2002–present).[35]
  42. Palestine Re-Emerging (2002).[41][64][65][66]
  43. The Dimensions of Hajj: Significance & Performance (2003).[24] [41]
  44. Insight Islamicus (2004).[35]
  45. Wahhabi Islam: A Misnomer (2005).[41][34]
  46. Emeralds in the Crown of Islam (2006).[67][68][lower-alpha 7]
  47. Memoirs of a Life with a Mission (Autobiography) (2006).[31]
  48. Monthly Crescent (2009-2012).[35][70]
  49. Ingenious, Ingenuous Jinnah and Pakistan Movement (2009).[31][71]
  50. Kashmir Problem: Disasters of Delayed Settlement (2009).[31]
  51. Humanity's Cry For Justice and Salvation (2009).[31]
  52. Focus: The Hajj of 1430 AH and the Kingdom's Efficacious Nizam (2010).[34]
  53. Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol I) (2010).[72]
  54. Realms of Saudi Statesmanship (2011).[31]
  55. Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol II) (2012).[73]
  56. Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol III)[74]
  57. Rediscovering Factual History (2013).[75]
  58. Islam and Christianity in Balance (General History of Relations): Dialogue for an Understanding (2017).[76][31][lower-alpha 9] Proceedings of the event were conducted by columnist Z. G. Muhammad.[14]</ref>
  59. Applications of Iqbal's Love for the Prophet (saw) (2018).[35]

Politics

Even though Iqbal did not participate in political affairs conspicuously, he has worked with important political figures. Under different pseudonyms, he wrote extensively for different publications of the Plebiscite Front during its 20 years' tenure. He also wrote the addresses for Sheikh Abdullah which the latter read out in Islamic as well as academic conferences in India. At the behest of Mirza Afzal Beg, he wrote a 52-page memorandum which was submitted to the Gajandargadkar Commission wherein he highlighted the historical, geographical and political allegiance of Doda District to the Kashmir Valley. The memorandum was appreciated by the likes of Badruddin Tayyabji, a member of the Commission.[23] The Working Committee of the Plebiscite Front had proposed his name, along with 3 others, for Ministers of State in the cabinet of Sheikh Abdullah but the latter went back on this decision. After the Sheikh-Indira Accord of 1975, Iqbal distanced himself from politics.[23]

Comments on Works

Dr Iqbal with H.E. Iyad Amin Madani, former Secretary-General of the O.I.C. in 1990s.
  • King Faisal bin Abd al-Aziz "May Allah bless you and your Islamic fervour. So far your suggestions are concerned, they have been referred to the authorities concerned so that they may get necessary attention." "As for the matter of King Abd al-Aziz University. . . . . . . . . it would be our great pleasure to have you as one of the Visiting Professors and to deliver lectures in it."[17][18]
  • Richard M. Nixon "It is heartening to know that we may count on your friendship and support to make the years ahead a time of which Americans as a nation, and we as Americans, can truly be proud."[17][78]
  • M. Zia-ul-Haq "Your scholarly works are an important contribution to the cause of Islam and deserve appreciation. I wish you every success in your endeavours."[17][79]
  • King Fahd bin Abd al-Aziz “We have been more impressed by your Islamic feelings recounting some of the memorable deeds of His Majesty King Abdul Aziz... for Islam and Muslims.”[80]
  • Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami “...we once again invite your kind attention to the journal of the Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami, which would be honoured to dessimate your valuable thoughts and observations throughout the world.” (Editor-in-Chief)[81]
  • Iyad bin Amin Madani “Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal, a well-known scholar, has devoted his life in the service of Islam, defending its issues, illuminating its ways, explaining its principles and frame and elucidating the fundamentals of its system and its perception. In this (vast) field he has to his credit published books and several important contributions which prove his thorough knowledge (of the subjects), dedication, sincerity and detachment. In (accomplishing) his task he does not wait for reward or compensation.”[17][82]
  • Prof. Ismail Raje’ al-Faruqi “Indeed, I am overwhelmed by your energies, your productivity and your vision. Certainly you ought to fulfil your projects and write your books. They will provide an inspiration to future generations and a contribution to knowledge.”[17][83]
  • Dr Karan Singh “I do appreciate the valuable research project that you have undertaken, and I am sure that when complete it will be a major contribution to Islamic Literature.”[84]
  • Ahmed Zaki Yamani “Your sincere efforts for the promotion of the Islamic causes and interests are most appreciated.”[85]
  • Dr Mohinder Singh Randhawa "You deserve the gratitude of intelligentia in India as well as in Arab countries for your work. My best wishes to you."[17]
  • Colonel Frank Borman “I am very glad that the interest in our work extends all the way to your country. I also enjoyed very much your essay entitled Space Voyage, Scientific Thought and the Quran.”[17][86]
  • Hakim Abdul Hamid “Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal, admittedly a very erudite and painstaking scholar, has been contributing a great deal to cement Indo-Arab relations and inform the concerned readers about the progress being made by the Arab world. I wish Dr Iqbal all the success.”[17]

Notes

  1. ↑ His brother, Khwaja Sheikh Rahmatullah, passed away on 28 March 2015.[21]
  2. ↑ A second enlarged edition of the book was brought out by Taj Company (New Delhi) in 1984 and a third enlarged edition was published by Maktaba Al-Hayat (Srinagar) in 2008.[33]
  3. ↑ An enlarged edition of the book was published in 1988.[40]
  4. ↑ The book was reprinted in 1985 by Saudiyah Publishers (Srinagar).[45]
  5. ↑ The second enlarged edition was published and later distributed by Adam Publishers and Distributors (New Delhi) in 2008.[52]
  6. ↑ A second edition was brought out in 2005 by Adam Publishers and a third in 2008.[62]
  7. ↑ A second edition was published by Adam Publishers in 2016 and Urdu translation of the book was written by Dr Badruddin Bhat in 2011.[69]
  8. ↑ An abridged Urdu translation of the review was published by the Daily Kashmir Uzma on 13 November 2017 and an abbreviated english version on Daily Greater Kashmir on 16 November 2017.<ref>Ahad, Dr Abdul. "An Interfaith Dialogue". Greater Kashmir. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  9. ↑ The book was released at Hotel Lala Rukh[8] in Srinagar on 6 November 2017.[4] A galaxy of intellectuals and scholars from academics, civil society, government services and the media attended the event. Dr Iqbal introduced the book and spoke in detail the historical background of relations between Islam and Christianity, how 11th century changed the dynamics after Christians initiated crusades primarily for other reasons than the faith.[77] Speaking on the occasion, noted paediatrician and author, Dr Altaf Hussain, who also presided over the function,[29] said the book is a great contribution at international level. He said, "The topic is about the dialogue between Muslim and Judo-Christian civilisation."[14] Justice (Retd) Bashir Ahmad Kirmani, who was the guest of honour, said that the book is of utmost importance as it has been released on the 100th year of Balfour Declaration "which stabbed Muslim Ummah with the creation of Israel."[4] Noted author and historian, Dr Abdul Ahad, read a review of the book and said one can appreciate the "zeal, zest and missionary spirit" with which Dr Iqbal has carried his research to add to the knowledge and understanding of Islam and the Muslim World."[lower-alpha 8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nehvi, Bashir Ahmad (10 October 2012). "پروفیسر شیخ محمد-عالمی شہرت یافتہ موّرخ" (Vol. 10, Issue 282). GK Communications Pvt Ltd. Kashmir Uzma. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  2. ↑ "ڈاکٹر شیخ اقبال بنامِ مفتی محمد سعید" (Vol. 13, Issue 192). Kashmir Uzma. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 Thomas, Christopher (2000). Faultline Kashmir. Delhi, India: Minerva Press India (p) Ltd. (rubicon). pp. 120–121. ISBN 9781858453163.
  4. 1 2 3 Mirani, Haroon (7 November 2017). "Islam and Christianity in Balance Released" (Vol 30, No. 308). Rashid Makhdoomi. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  5. 1 2 "اقبال انسٹی ٹیوٹ میں یومِاقبال پر سمینار منعقد" (Vol. 48). Shadab Bashir & Saahil Yousuf Soofi. Daily Srinagar Times. 10 November 2017.
  6. ↑ "Attackers of religious places can't be Muslims: Malik". Fayaz Ahmad Kalloo. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. July 7, 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Introduction". The Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  8. 1 2 Ahad, Dr Abdul (13 November 2017). "ڈاکٹر شیخ اقبال کی گراں قدر تحقیقی تصنیف" (Vol. 15, No. 314). Rashid Makhdoomi. GK Communication Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  9. ↑ "Asiya proposes Rapid Action Force against social evils". Fayaz Ahmad Kalloo. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. June 13, 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  10. ↑ "Iqbal Makes it to Saudia After 22 Months Struggle for Passport". GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. Daily Greater Kashmir. 17 March 1999.
  11. ↑ "Dir museums receives Gaurav Samman award". Kashmir Reader. Helpline Group. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  12. 1 2 "Islamophobia Springs from Myths". The Pioneer. 30 July 2005.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Kashmiri Educator Arrives". Illinois State Journal. 30 September 1965.
  14. 1 2 3 Peer, Mansoor (7 November 2017). "Scholars Pitch for Inter, Intra-Faith Dialogue To Redress Societal Problems" (Vol. 11, No 296). Syed Rafi-ud-Din Bukhari. Daily Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Allama Iqbal- and The Arab World". GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. Greater Kashmir. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 Iqbal, Dr Sheikh Mohammad (June 1970). "Was the Prophet harsh to the Jews?" (PDF). The Islamic Review.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Reviews & Comments". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  18. 1 2 Selected Correspondence of Dr S. M. Iqbal (Vol II). Saudiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir: Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. 23 September 2012. pp. 37–47. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Focus: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1st ed.). Saudiyah, Barzullah, Srinagar, Kashmir: Shajarat. September 23, 2000. pp. 97–112.
  20. ↑ "Administrative Head". Islamia College of Science and Commerce. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  21. ↑ "Condolence". GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. 30 March 2015.
  22. 1 2 Ahanger, Tauseef Hussain (August 2017). "مشکلیں اُمَّتِ مرحوم کی آسان کردے". Payam-e-Talaba. 1 (12): 15–18. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kareem, Inayat (3 November 2003). "کشمیری قوم میں وسعت نظر کا فقدان" (Vol. 1, No. 5). Fayaz Ahmad Kalloo. Weekly Kashmir Uzma.
  24. 1 2 "Lucid and Brief". Islamic Voice. December 2005.
  25. 1 2 3 Islam and Christianity in Balance (1st ed.). 1542, Pataudi House, Darya Gunj, New Delhi-110002: Adam Publishers & Distributers. 2017. p. 543. ISBN 978-81-7435-754-0.
  26. ↑ "Discuss Arabia". The Rambler. Illinois College, Jascksonville, Illinois, USA. 15 October 1965.
  27. ↑ Ganai, Dr Mushtaq Ahmad, ed. (December 29, 2017). "Applications of Iqbal's Love for the Prophet (s)". Iqbaliyat (in English/Urdu). University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar: Iqbal Institute of Culture & Philosophy. 24: 17. ISSN 0975-6604.
  28. ↑ Zahid, M. S. (19 May 2017). J&K Museums Speak: History, Culture and Ethos (1st ed.). Srinagar: Department of Archives, Archaeology and Museums (J&K Govt). pp. 18–22.
  29. 1 2 3 "Dr Iqbal's Book Released". epaper.kashmirreader.net (Vol. 07, No. 303). Kashmir Reader. Kashmir Reader Srinagar. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  30. ↑ Javed Iqbal, Sheikh Talal (May 1981). "Advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent: Establishment of Muslim Rule in India". The Muslim World League Journal. 8 (7): 47. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Publications". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  32. ↑ "اسلام کے ساۓ میں". Jawaharlal Nehru University Library. JNU. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  33. ↑ "Under the Shade of Islam, Urdu (1958)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Booklets". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Editor-cum-Authorship". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  36. ↑ "The Arab Glory, the Arab Grief". Google Books. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. 1977.
  37. ↑ "The Mission of Islam". Google Books. Taj Company. 1983.
  38. ↑ Talal, Dr Sheikh (2008). Russia's Influence in Eastern Turkistan: From 19th to Mid-20th Century (1st ed.). University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006: Centre of Central Asian Studies. p. 58. ISBN 978-93-82288-07-7.
  39. ↑ "The Mission of Islam". National Library of Australia. Vikas Pub. House. 1977. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  40. ↑ "The Mission of Islam (1977)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Books by Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal". King Abdul Aziz Foundation for Research and Archives. دارۃ الملک عبد العزیز. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  42. ↑ Sabri, Sharaf (2001). The House of Saud in Commerce : A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. Google Books. New Delhi: I.S. Publications. p. 296. ISBN 8190125400. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  43. ↑ Emergence of Saudi Arabia. Google Books. Saudiyah Publishers. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  44. ↑ Safran, Nadav (1988). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Google Books (1988 ed.). New York: Cornell University Press. p. 497. ISBN 0801494842.
  45. ↑ "Emergence of Saudi Arabia (1977)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  46. ↑ Shah-e-Hamadan (Commemorative Volume) (1st ed.). Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir: Institute of Kashmir Studies, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University. 31 August 1988. pp. 110–127.
  47. ↑ "The Culture of Kashmir". Worldcat Identities. Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  48. ↑ "Realms of Peace". Google Books. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  49. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Era of Reconstruction". Google Books. S. Talal J. Iqbal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  50. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Landmarks in Islamic Solidarity". Amazon Books. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  51. ↑ Weston, Mark (2008). Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present. Google Books (2008 ed.). Ingram International Inc. p. 563. ISBN 9780470182574. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  52. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Landmarks in Islamic Solidarity (1981)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  53. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: An Epitome of History & Progress". Google Books. Saudiyah Publishers. 1982.
  54. ↑ "Ideals of Islam & Other Essays". Google Books. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. 1982.
  55. ↑ Talal, Dr Sheikh. "Ideals of Islam & Other Essays". Centre of Central Asian Studies. Idarah-e-Adabiyat-i-Dilli. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  56. ↑ El-Sanabary, Nagat (1992). Education in the Arab Gulf States and the Arab World: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide. Google Books (Annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 185. ISBN 9780824082499. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  57. ↑ "Educational System in Saudi Arabia". Google Books. Saudiyah Publishers. 1983.
  58. ↑ Weston, Mark (2008). Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present. Google Books (2008 ed.). Ingram International Inc. p. 582. ISBN 9780470182574. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  59. ↑ "Islamic Toleration & Justice: Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule". Google Books. Adam Publishers & Distributors. 2005. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  60. ↑ "Islamic Toleration & Justice". Adam Books. Adam Publishers & Distributors. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  61. ↑ "Islamic Toleration & Justice". Abebooks.com.
  62. ↑ "Islamic Toleration & Justice (1998)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  63. ↑ Iqbal, Sheikh Mohammad (1 January 2000). "Presidents Lincoln and Wilson: Legacies and Lessons". Worldcat Identities. Saudiyah Publishers.
  64. ↑ Iqbal, Sheikh Mohammad. "Palestine Re-emerging". Kitab Bhavan. S.N.A. & Bros. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  65. ↑ Shahbaz, Ghitreef. "Palestine Re-emerging (Review)". Milli Gazette. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  66. ↑ Khan, Mubasshir (August 2015). "United States' Foreign Policy in the Middle East: A Case Study of Palestine-Israel Conflict" (PDF). International Journal of Technical Research and Applications (29): 146.
  67. ↑ "Emeralds in The Crown of Islam". Google Books. Adam Publishers. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  68. ↑ "Emeralds in The Crown of Islam". Kitaabun-Classical and Contemporary Muslim and Islamic Books. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  69. ↑ "Emeralds in the Crown of Islam (2006)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  70. ↑ "Monthly Crescent (Inaugural Issue)". Google Books. Al-Hayat Printographers (Maktaba-e-Al-Hayat). Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  71. ↑ Muhammad, Z.G. "Kashmir and Jinnah's Biographers". Greater Kashmir. GK Communications Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  72. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol I) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir- 190005. 25 December 2010. ISBN 978-81-7435-711-3.
  73. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol II) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar. 23 September 2012. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  74. ↑ Iqbal, Dr S. M. Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol III) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir- 190005: Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. ISBN 978-81-7435-713-7.
  75. ↑ Rediscovering Factual History (1st ed.). Darya Gunj, New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors. 25 December 2013. ISBN 978-81-7435-729-8.
  76. ↑ Islam and Christianity in Balance (General History of Relations): Dialogue for an Understanding (1st ed.). 1542, Pataudi House, Darya Gunj, New Delhi-110002: Adam Publishers & Distributers. 2017. ISBN 978-81-7435-754-0.
  77. ↑ "Dr Sheikh Mohammed Iqbal's Islam and Christianity in Balance released" (Vol. 30, Issue 312). Rashid Makhdoomi. GK Communiactions Pvt. Ltd. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  78. ↑ Islam and Christianity in Balance (General History of Relations): Dialogue for an Understanding. 1542, Pataudi House, Darya Gunj, New Delhi-110002: Adam Publishers & Distributers. 2017. p. 544. ISBN 978-81-7435-754-0.
  79. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr S. M. Iqbal (Vol. II) (2012 ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir-190005. 23 September 2012. p. 289. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  80. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol II) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir- 190005. 23 September 2012. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  81. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol II) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir- 190005. September 23, 2012. p. 73. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  82. ↑ "History of Islam and Muslims (Vol. I)". Official Website of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  83. ↑ Selected Correspondenc eof Dr S. M. Iqbal (Vol. II) (2012 ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir-190005. September 23, 2012. p. 617. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
  84. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr S. M. Iqbal (Vol. I) (1st ed.). Saudiayh, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir-190005. December 25, 2010. p. 550. ISBN 978-81-7435-711-3.
  85. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal (Vol II) (1st ed.). Sa'udiyah, Barzulla, Srinagar, Kashmir- 190005. September 23, 2012. p. 138. ISBN 978-81-7435-713-7.
  86. ↑ Selected Correspondence of Dr S. M. Iqbal (Vol. II) (2012 ed.). Saudiyah, Barzullah, Srinagar, Kashmir-190005: Dr Sheikh Mohammad Iqbal. September 23, 2012. p. 584. ISBN 978-81-7435-710-6.
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